An ancient sign over a string of scanwords. Superscripts in Church Slavonic and Russian

Superscript- SUPERSTRATED SIGN, or superscript element, a small size sign, installed in a metal set by connecting above symbols or numbers in formulas, if there are no symbols and numbers in the font set cast together with these N. s ... Publishing Dictionary

An icon above the letter showing that. it must be read differently than without it (see diacritic mark) ... Dictionary of linguistic terms

Wiktionary has an article "erok" they don’t have (these are long-Russified Turkic ditches). ... ... Wikipedia

superscript, superscript, superscript. Above the line of text. Superscript sign. Dictionary Ushakov. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

The sign above the line is placed. Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary. IN AND. Dal. 1863 1866 ... Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary

SUPERBOARD, oh, oh. Above the line. N. sign. Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

Tilda (Spanish tilde, from Latin titulus inscription) is the name of several typographic characters in the form of a wavy line. Contents 1 Diacritical mark 1.1 Superscript ... Wikipedia

longitude sign- Macron, Sign of longitude (Macron) One of the upper accents [superscript or subscript] in the form of a horizontal stroke. Denotes a long sound and is used over vowels in Latvian, Lithuanian, Fijian, Hausa and other languages ​​... Font terminology

Aya, oh. Above the line of text. N. sign ... encyclopedic Dictionary

• Mikhail Alekseevich Titlov (1913-1998) - polar pilot, participant in the Great Patriotic War, Hero Soviet Union (1955).
• In medieval writing: a superscript above the abbreviated word denoting a number
• Superscript
• Old - and Church Slavonic sign for indicating abbreviated spellings of words and for literal notation of numbers
• Superscript indicating abbreviated spelling
• Superscript sign in Old Russian writing
• Abbreviation sign inherent in ancient writing
• diacritic mark
• Ancient sign above the line
• Abbreviation sign
• This ancient Russian symbol turned letters into numbers
• "Hieroglyph" is the third music album recorded and released by the rock band "Piknik" in 1986. This is the first album with which Edmund Shklyarsky's group gained the most popularity.
• Japanese written sign
• Chinese written sign
• Japanese writing sign
• A figured graphic sign denoting a whole word or concept, as well as a separate syllable or sound of speech; trans. Illegible or incomprehensible sign, symbol
• Figured sign in ideographic writing
• curly sign
• Chinese letter sign
• Letter sign ( Ancient Egypt, writing of China, Japan, Korea), denoting, as a rule, a whole word and concept
• Figured written sign of the East
• ancient egyptian letter
• Triskelion (also triskel, triskel, triskele, from Greek τρισκελης - three-legged) - a symbol in the form of three running legs coming out of one point.
• Ancient sign, three running legs coming out of the same point
• Ancient symbolic sign
• Shunduk is a farm in the Teuchezhsky district of the Republic of Adygea, Russia.
• Nikolai (born 1920) Russian writer, novels The Swift Deer, The Spring at the Birch, In the Blue-Eyed Country, The White Shaman, The Ancient Sign
• Mace (from the common Slavic bula - a bump, nodule, lump, knob) - a cold weapon of shock-crushing action with a wooden or metal handle (rod) and a spherical head - a striking part, often equipped with spikes.
• Wooden rod with a metal bump (apple) at the top end; in ancient times served as a weapon, but later began to be used as a sign of military power
• Insignia of Marshals of Poland

We continue to publish excerpts from the manual on spelling of the Church Slavonic language, which was compiled by Doctor of Philology, Professor of the Sretensky Theological Seminary L.I. Marcheva (from a book published by the publishing house of the Sretensky Monastery).

In addition to the alphabetic spellings that are in the line - lowercase characters, the Church Slavonic language has a branched system of superscript (diacritical) signs, which, although specific, are mandatory elements of spelling.

In liturgical texts one can find three main types diacritical marks, which are placed exclusively according to tradition, dating back mainly to the ancient Greek language, and are in no way connected with the peculiarities of pronunciation.

1. Accent marks

The vast majority of Church Slavonic words are graphically marked with stress.

The accent marks the stressed syllable in the word.

At the same time, it is necessary to take into account the discrepancies between the modern Russian and Church Slavonic stresses: redeemer – .

There is three kinds stresses, which, intonationally not differing from each other, demonstrate the place of the stressed vowel:

1) acute accent () - placed over a stressed vowel at the beginning or middle of a word:.

2) dull (heavy) accent - is set if the stressed vowel is the very last in the word:.

For the correct setting of stress, you need to remember the following.

1. Letters ( er, er, and with a brief) - vowels, which affects the setting of stress: - the stress is acute, because the syllable is not considered the last (as it is in modern Russian), but the penultimate one.

Particularly indicative here are words that are monosyllabic in modern Russian: (written with an acute accent).

2. In other monosyllabic words (not ending in), the stress is blunt: .

3. Sometimes after a word ending in a stressed vowel, that is, with a blunt accent -, there are particles or short forms reflexive and personal pronouns. They combine with the previous unit into one, making up a phonetic word, and lose their stress. And, consequently, the blunt stress of the first word “turns” into an acute one, since not the last, but the penultimate syllable becomes stressed:. Compare: - the pronoun is marked with a blunt stress, since the previous word has an accent on the penultimate syllable.

4. Functional words, consisting of one syllable, are devoid of stress:

5. In several cases, a blunt stress is placed at the beginning of a word, which, as a rule, is associated with the need for a graphic distinction between identical-sounding forms: (singular T.p.m. and cf.r.) - (plural D .p. of all genera); (pl. C.p. of all genders) - (pl. C.p. of all genders).

6. There is an example here related to the difference in lexical meanings. Wed "therefore, therefore, so" - "because, because, for."

3) clothed accent - is put in those forms of the dual and plural numbers that, in sound, completely coincide with the forms of the singular (the same as in the case of letters - see rule 7).

For example: (singular D.p. - acute accent) - (dv.ch. R.-P.p. - stress clothed);? (singular R.p. zh.r. - acute accent) - (pl. V.p. m.r.; pl. I., V.p. zh.r. - stress clothed ).

2. Sign of aspiration

breath sign - - marks anything, including a one-letter word that begins with a vowel: .

3. Title signs

Titlo- sign of abbreviation.

The original function of titles as abbreviations is very pragmatic: they were used to save space, and therefore to save writing material (primarily expensive parchment).

Titla in Church Slavonic perform two functions.

First, they indicate that the letter does not represent a sound, but a number: – 2, – 20, – 200.

Second, they serve to shorten words. The most important and commonly used words characterizing the Christian dogma are subjected to truncated spelling in the Church Slavonic language.

Exists two types of title :

1) simple titles - the word is abbreviated, and a special sign is put in place of the gap: - good, - Father, – holy.

2) letter titles - the word is shortened, and not only a special sign is put in place of the gap, but also one of the truncated letters (they are called remote ): - Apostle.

According to the established tradition, only six letters are placed under the title: . The titles they form are called: word-titlo, good-titlo, he-titlo, verb-titlo, rtsy-titlo, worm-titlo : - Cross, – Mother of God, – Trinity, – gospel, - name, - conception.

In many cases, titling plays a symbolic (semiotic) role, which is due to lexical meaning words: "Christian God" (always abbreviated) - " pagan god" (written in full); "Virgin Mary" - "mother of ordinary people."

Another example deserves special consideration. A noun in the meaning of “angel of the Lord” is always written only with a title and is not read as it is written, in contrast to “evil angel, demon” - it is used only in full notation and is read according to general rules. It should be noted that some Church Slavonic words have variant titles: - Blessed. Sometimes an abbreviated notation gives way to a full one: - prayer.

Doctor of Philology.

All lectures of the cycle can be viewed .

In modern Russian, modern Russian graphics, sometimes there is such a thing as superscripts, or diacritics. We know about the two dots that are placed over the "e", the sign of brevity over the "y", a special letter is obtained - "and" is short. We have accent marks that help us put logical stress in certain phrases, but basically, of course, the modern Russian system of superscripts is, in general, poorer than the ancient one. When we turn to the Old Church Slavonic and Old Church Slavonic languages ​​and the later period of the development of Church Slavonic, we just observe a fairly developed system of superscript characters.
The oldest superscript sign is titla, a sign of abbreviation of words. The same idea is presented in modern language: when we want to shorten a word, we either put a hyphen, for example: “state”, “physical-ra”, “lit-ra”. Thus, we shorten the word by simply removing its middle and putting a hyphen. Historically, instead of a hyphen, there was a special sign “titla” - in the Greek tradition it is just a straight line, in the Slavic tradition it had a different shape, but was placed above the word. A certain piece was eliminated from the word, for example, a syllable that they wanted to shorten, and a title was placed on top. But unlike modern language not often common words were abbreviated, but only words associated with nomina sacra in the European tradition, i.e. sacred names, words that refer to God, the Church and sacred concepts for Christians. But since in the Church Slavonic tradition capital letters are used only at the beginning of sentences, accordingly, the title in a certain sense also served as a capital letter. If now we write the word "God" with a capital letter, then historically it was written with a small letter, but under the title.
Another type of abbreviation is when we do not add a word, instead of “look” we write “see.” This method of abbreviation also existed in Church Slavonic graphics, when the word was not added, but on top, above the line, one of the letters following below could be written, and also under the title. This phenomenon is called by the names of the letters. In the Church Slavonic tradition, there are six such letter signs under the title: "rtsy" -titla, "verb" -titla, "good" -titla, "he" -titla, "worm" -titla and "word" -titla. These six alphabetic title icons, when a letter is placed above the line and a title sign is placed above it.
The titla was also used to denote numbers. When a letter denoted a number, a title sign was placed on top. In addition, if now we are stressing sentences in order to show some kind of logical stress, let's say: "I know what he will say." We can put emphasis on "what" and thus emphasize this idea. In ancient times, the stress was, firstly, of different types.
The stress in our present understanding is the so-called acute stress, or oxia. It is usually placed in a word, unless the stressed vowel is the last letter in the word. In the latter case, the so-called blunt stress is put, or heavy, in Church Slavonic “varia” from the Greek term “heaviness, pressure”, that is, it simply changes its direction - it is placed in the other direction than the sharp one we are used to. There is also an accent clothed, or in the Greek tradition it was the term "mosquito" - a vault, semicircle or arc over a vowel, in the Slavic tradition it was called a chamber. The same root in the word closet is a very small room with a very low vaulted ceiling. Setting the chamber helps us visually distinguish between words that are the same in sound and spelling, but at the same time they are different grammatical forms. The nominative case in the Church Slavonic tradition, for example, "good slave", is given an acute accent, or oxia. And, for example, “from a slave” (modern “from slaves”), that is, the genitive case of the plural, the form of the word “slave” is the same as in the nominative case. In order to distinguish them, a veiled stress is placed over the "a".
In addition to the stress system, which reflected the ancient state of the language, when there was more than one force stress and one stressed syllable was exhaled, there was also polytonic stress, that is, there was an increase or decrease in tone over each syllable, and this ancient tradition was reflected in the Greek and Slavic stress. The sign of aspiration, which, according to the Greek tradition, was automatically placed above any initial vowel, for the Russian tradition has become, one might say, decorative.
Sometimes, when omitting the so-called reduced vowels, denoting modern hard and soft signs - historically "er" and "er", a special icon was placed, similar to lightning or some kind of comma, which was called erok, or paerok, similar to "er", then there is a modern hard sign.
When, after the revolution, in the already Russian graphics, a solid sign at the end of words was eliminated, it was also eliminated after prefixes, for example: “entrance”, “congress”, “explain”, etc. Then they put something in between the ancient paerk and the apostrophe (later we will talk about this concept). In fact, this is an ancient church sign of skipping a solid sign, in this case between prefix and root. Sometimes in some announcements you can find the words “announcement”, “entrance”, when there is an apostrophe, but in fact it is an ancient erok, which goes back to the Church Slavonic tradition.
Thus, although the number of accents has now been reduced and they have changed their function, we continue to use them to shorten words and put a logical stress on a word.