The installation location of the limit column depends on. Setting the limit posts
Numbering of tracks, turnouts.
The main routes are indicated by Roman numerals, the rest by Arabic. The designation of the paths is carried out taking into account the direction, i.e. if the path is specialized in an even direction, then it is denoted by even digits, and if in an odd direction, then by odd digits
From W to E - Thursday
From North to South - odd
From South to North - Thursday
From B to Zap - odd
Numbering of turnouts. In order to number the turnouts, it is necessary to draw the axis of the station through the passenger building. Arrows located in an even neck are denoted by even numbers, in odd - odd numbers. Moreover, the numbering is carried out in order, starting with the first entrance arrow and especially exits and turnout streets.
The limit column (PS) is a signal sign indicating a place beyond which, according to traffic safety conditions, it is not allowed to install rolling stock in the direction of the SP.
The substation is installed at stations along the middle of the track, where the distance between the axes of the divergent tracks from the substations is 4100 mm.
The distance at which the PS is installed is determined according to the table, depending on the brand of the cross and the distance between the tracks (E).
Setting the limit post
1 At the final connection
2 At the exit
3 At switch street
Types of traffic lights and rules for their installation
I Input- allow or deny entry to the station. Installed in front of the first arrow with right side on the movement of the train and serve to protect the station from the side of the haul.
At each station, 2 input traffic lights are installed: 1 - in the even direction "H", the second - in the odd direction "H", if the 3rd main path adjoins the station, then the traffic light is assigned the direction letter CHA, CHB
Rules for installing traffic lights
1 The traffic light is installed in the opposite direction (towards the wits) relative to the first SP
2 The traffic light is installed from the limit column
II Weekend- allow or prohibit the train from leaving the station
Traffic lights are installed on each receiving and departing track on the right side in front of the first arrow to the exit
Designated by the letter of the direction H or H and the number of the track number
3 installation methods:
1 The traffic light and the limit post are in the same distance. The distance to the traffic light from the center of the joint venture is determined according to the table, depending on the brand of the cross and the distance between the tracks.
2 The traffic light and the limit post are located at different distances. The traffic light is installed at a distance of 3.5 m behind the limit post i.e. L sv \u003d L p.s. +3.5
3 The output signal, after which the anti-wool SP is laid, can be installed in the alignment with the joint of the frame rail, i.e. at a distance "a" from the center of the joint venture
III Route traffic lights- allow or prohibit the train to proceed from one area of the station to another. Designated "NM", "ChM".
IV Shunting- allow or prohibit maneuvers. Designated "M 1, M 2"
They have 2 meanings: blue - forbidding, lunar white - allowing.
V Sign "Border of the station"
Installed on the main tracks on both sides of the station
a) On single-track lines, the sign "GS" is the input traffic lights
b) On double-track lines, the “GS” sign is installed at a distance of 50 m from the first entrance switch, i.e. a 0 +50m or L pr.st. +50m
GOST 8442-65
Group D58
STATE STANDARD OF THE UNION OF THE SSR
TRACK AND SIGNAL SIGNS FOR RAILWAYS
Track and signal signs of rail roads
Introduction date 1966-01-01
INTRODUCED by the Ministry of Railways
APPROVED AND INTRODUCED by the USSR State Committee for Standards, Measures and Measuring Instruments on April 17, 1965
REPUBLICATION (December 1982) with Amendments No. 1, 2, approved in April 1976, April 1981 (IUS 6 - 1976, 7 - 1981).
INTRODUCED Amendment N 3, approved and put into effect by the Decree of the USSR State Committee for Product Quality Management and Standards dated 06/27/90 N 1906 from 01/01/91
Amendment No. 3 was introduced by the legal bureau "Kodeks" according to the text of IUS No. 10, 1990
This standard applies to track and signal signs of 1520 (1524) mm and narrow gauge railways.
The standard does not apply to special signs of intra-factory transport of industrial enterprises.
The standard takes into account the requirements of the Convention on Road Signs and Signals (1968) and the European Agreement supplementing the Convention on road signs and signals.
The requirements set forth in this standard are mandatory.
I. SHAPE AND DIMENSIONS OF SIGNS
I. SHAPE AND DIMENSIONS OF SIGNS
The shape, dimensions of track and signal signs, the location of inscriptions, as well as the sizes of letters and numbers must correspond to those indicated in Fig. 1-44.
1. TRAVEL SIGNS
Damn.1. Kilometer sign
Kilometer sign
Damn.1
The sign is set for a consistent count of kilometers from Moscow on the main directions of the railways, determined by the Ministry of Railways.
The serial numbers of kilometers must be displayed on both sides of the plate. On the one hand, the number of the kilometer ending before the sign is applied, on the other, the number of the kilometer starting behind the sign.
The sign must be attached to the top of the post.
Damn.2
The sign is installed for sequential counting of kilometers from the beginning of the railway or its line, the access road on the remaining sections of the railways and access roads.
Damn.3. Picket sign
Picket sign
Sequential numbers of pickets should be displayed on two opposite sides of the post, perpendicular to the axis of the track. On one side of the post, the number of the picket that ended before the sign is applied, on the opposite side - the number of the picket that begins after the sign.
Damn.4. Deviant sign
Deviant sign
On the plate, the first figure should indicate the amount of ascent or descent on the section of the track following the sign; the numbers after the dash - the length of the path with this profile.
The signs must be installed perpendicular to the track axis.
A plate located perpendicular to the axis of the column must indicate the site; with a slope from the column up - rise, with a slope from the column down - descent.
2. SPECIAL SIGNS
Damn.5. Railway Right of Way Boundary Sign
Railway Right of Way Boundary Sign
The tablet (or the plane of the post, on which the letters and images of the sickle and hammer are applied) must be installed parallel to the axis of the track.
Damn.6. Sign of the highest water horizon and the maximum wave height
Sign of the highest water horizon and the maximum wave height
The sign must contain numbers indicating the distance in meters from the lower line of the ring:
upper - up to the maximum wave height;
lower - to the highest horizon of water.
Damn.7. Signs of hidden subgrade structures
Signs of hidden subgrade structures
The sign must show:
in the first line - the symbol of the hidden structure of the subgrade;
in the second - the number of the structure;
in the third - PC and picket number;
in the fourth - the year of construction of the structure.
The plate (or the plane of the post on which the inscriptions are applied) must be installed parallel to the axis of the track.
Signs are established by the relevant ministries and departments.
Damn.8. Picket signs
Picket signs;
benchmarks of the beginning and end of circular curves, the beginning, middle and end of transition curves; railway right-of-way boundary signs, subgrade hidden structures signs made of stone and concrete
The inscriptions on these signs are drawn accordingly, lines 3, 5 and 7.
The type of reference points for the beginning and end of circular curves, the beginning, middle and end of transition curves and the inscriptions on them are shown in Fig. 9 and 9a.
Damn.9. Benchmarks of the beginning and end of the circular curve (made of stone and concrete
Benchmarks of the beginning and end of a circular curve (made of stone and concrete)
On the benchmarks of circular curves are indicated:
NCC - the beginning of the circular curve;
KKK - the end of the circular curve;
PC - the number of the previous picket plus the distance from it to the beginning (end) of the curve, m;
Р - radius of a circular curve, m;
B - elevation of the outer rail, mm.
On the transition curves reference points are indicated:
NPK - the beginning of the transition curve;
KPC - the end of the transition curve;
SPK - the middle of the transition curve;
O - elevation withdrawal, %.
In forest areas, it is allowed to make them from wood.
Benchmarks are installed when they cannot be replaced by closely spaced permanent devices (contact network supports, artificial structures, etc.).
Damn.9a. Benchmarks of the beginning, middle and end of the transition curve (made of stone and concrete)
Benchmarks of the beginning, middle and end of the transition curve (made of stone and concrete)
Damn.9a
(Introduced additionally, Rev. N 2).
Signs on linear track buildings
On linear track buildings, the following should be installed:
a) a sign indicating the kilometer at which the building is located.
The dimensions of the plate, as well as the location and size of the numbers on the sign, must correspond to drawing 1;
b) a sign of the presence of a telephone in this building (see Fig. 10).
Damn.10
Damn.10
A sign indicating the kilometer at which the building is located must be installed on a linear track building on the side of the main track in the upper left corner at a distance of 0.3 or 0.5 m above the windows and 0.3 or 0.5 m from the edge of the building.
Under this sign, a sign of the presence of a telephone is installed.
Damn.11. Passenger building axis signs
Passenger building axis signs
The sign must contain letters indicating:
O - axis;
P - passenger;
Z - building.
The axis sign of the passenger building must be installed on the side of the main track at a height of 0.5 m above the top level of the first floor windows.
Damn.12. arrow number sign
arrow number sign
The sign indicating the number of the arrow must be installed perpendicular to the axis of the path on the frame of the transfer mechanism. It is allowed to apply the arrow number with paint directly on the frame of the transfer mechanism or on the casing of the arrow drive with centralized control.
3. WARNING SIGNALS AT CROSSROADS
A. BEWARE THE TRAIN signs
a) at an unguarded crossing (without barriers)
Drawing 13. (Excluded. Rev. N 3).
Devil 13a, 13b
The sign is installed when the road crosses one railway track.
Fig. 13a, b. (Introduced additionally, Rev. N 1. Revised edition, Rev. N 3).
Drawing 14. (Deleted, Rev. N 3).
Fig. 14a, 14b
The sign is installed when the road crosses two or more railway tracks.
The signs must be installed perpendicular to the axis of the highway.
Fig. 14a, b. (Introduced additionally, Rev. N 1. Revised edition, Rev. N 3).
Damn.15. (Excluded, Rev. N 1).
Drawings 16, 16a, 17, 17a. (Excluded, Rev. N 3).
4. SIGNAL SIGNS
A. Signs signal constants
Damn.18. Sign "ATTENTION! - POWER SECTION"
Sign "ATTENTION! - POWER SECTION"
Damn.18*
____________________
* Drawing 18. Revised edition, Rev. N 3 .
Damn.19. Illuminated indicator "LOWER CURRENT LOAD"
Illuminated indicator "LOWER CURRENT LOAD"
The sign must be installed perpendicular to the axis of the track on the supports of the contact network or individual masts.
(Changed edition, Rev. N 1).
Damn.20. Sign "RAISE PANTOCORE"
Damn.20*
___________________
* Drawing 20. Revised edition, Rev. N 3 .
The sign must be installed perpendicular to the axis of the track on the supports or suspension cables of the contact network.
(Changed edition, Rev. N 1).
Damn.21. Sign "LIMIT POST"
Sign "LIMIT POST"
Reinforced concrete column
wooden post
_______________
* Drawing 21. Revised edition, Rev. N 3 .
The sign of the limit column at the main and receiving-departure tracks must be installed so that for reinforced concrete columns the edge with retroreflectors, and for wooden ones - the hewn flat edge with reflectors is facing away from the turnout or blind intersection.
For reinforced concrete posts on the faces adjacent to the reflectors, the numbers of the tracks between which the post is installed are indicated.
At the wooden posts, special fasteners are made, on which the track numbers are indicated.
The sign of the limit post at other station tracks must be installed so that the edge formed by the intersection of the faces of the post with numbers printed on them (indicating the numbers of the corresponding station tracks) faces the turnout or a blind intersection.
(Changed edition, Rev. N 3).
Damn.22. (Deleted, Rev. N 2).
Damn.23. Sign "STATION BORDER"
Sign "STATION BORDER"
The inscription "STATION BORDER" must be displayed on both sides of the plate.
(Changed edition, Rev. N 3).
Damn.24. Sign "BORDER OF THE ACCESS ROAD"
Sign "BORDER OF THE ACCESS ROAD"
The plate must be installed perpendicular to the track axis.
Devil 24a. (Deleted, Rev. N 2).
Damn.25. Signs "BEGINNING OF A DANGEROUS PLACE" and "END OF A DANGEROUS PLACE"
_________________
* Drawing 25. Revised edition, Rev. N 3 .
Signs must be installed perpendicular to the track axis.
B. Permanent warning signs
Damn.26. Sign "C" about blowing a whistle
Sign "C" about blowing a whistle
Damn.26*
__________________
* Drawing 26. Revised edition, Rev. N 3 .
The plate must be installed perpendicular to the track axis.
Damn.27. "PUSH START" and "PUSH END" signs
"PUSH START" and "PUSH END" signs
Damn.27
The plate must be installed perpendicular to the track axis.
Damn.28. Signs "CLOSE SIPHON" and "CLOSE BLOWER"
Signs "CLOSE SIPHON" and "CLOSE BLOWER"
The sign is installed on the site with steam traction.
The plate must be installed perpendicular to the track axis.
It is allowed to install these signs on one pole.
Damn.29. Sign "LOCOMOTIVE STOP"
Sign "LOCOMOTIVE STOP"
Damn.29
Damn.30. Sign "STOP OF THE FIRST CAR"
The sign must be installed on poles or nearby permanent structures perpendicular to the track axis.
Damn.31. Sign "DISABLE CURRENT"
Damn.31*
______________________
* Drawing 31. Revised edition, Rev. N 3 .
The sign must be installed perpendicular to the axis of the track on the supports or suspension cables of the contact network.
Damn.32. Sign "TURN ON THE POWER ON THE ELECTRIC LOCOMOTIVE"
Sign "TURN ON THE POWER ON THE ELECTRIC LOCOMOTIVE"
Damn.32*
______________________
* Drawing 32. Revised edition, Rev. N 3 .
The sign must be installed perpendicular to the axis of the track on the supports or suspension cables of the contact network.
Damn.33. Sign "TURN ON THE ELECTRIC TRAIN"
Damn.33*
______________________
* Drawing 33. Revised edition, Rev. N 3 .
The sign must be installed perpendicular to the axis of the track on the supports or suspension cables of the contact network.
The size and color of both plates are the same.
(Changed edition, Rev. N 2).
Damn.34. Sign "END OF CONTACT SUSPENSION"
Sign "END OF CONTACT SUSPENSION"
Damn.34*
______________________
* Drawing 34. Revised edition, Rev. N 3 .
The sign must be installed perpendicular to the axis of the track on the supports or suspension cables of the contact network.
The letters indicated on the plate can be cut out.
Damn.35. Signs "TRANSITION TO THE LATERAL CONTACT NETWORK" and "TRANSITION TO THE CENTRAL CONTACT NETWORK"
Signs "TRANSITION TO THE LATERAL CONTACT NETWORK" and "TRANSITION TO THE CENTRAL
CONTACT NETWORK"
Damn.35
The plate must be installed perpendicular to the track axis.
On the railways of the Ministry of Railways, these signs are not installed.
B. Temporary signal signs
Damn.36. Sign "PREPARATE TO LOWER THE PANTOGEOUS"
Sign "PREPARATE TO LOWER THE PANTOGEOUS"
Damn.36*
______________________
* Drawing 36. Revised edition, Rev. N 3 .
The sign must be installed perpendicular to the axis of the track on the supports or suspension cables of the contact network.
(Changed edition, Rev. N 1).
Damn.37. Sign "LOWER CURRENT LOADER"
Sign "LOWER CURRENT LOADER"
Damn.37*
______________________
* Drawing 37. Revised edition, Rev. N 3 .
The sign must be installed perpendicular to the axis of the track on the supports or suspension cables of the contact network.
(Changed edition, Rev. N 1).
Damn.38. Sign "RAISE PANTOCORE"
Sign "RAISE PANTOCORE"
______________________
* Drawing 38. Revised edition, Rev. N 3 .
The sign must be installed perpendicular to the axis of the track on the supports or suspension cables of the contact network.
(Changed edition, Rev. N 1).
Damn.39. "PREPARATE FOR RAISING THE KNIFE AND CLOSING THE WINGS" Sign
"PREPARATE FOR RAISING THE KNIFE AND CLOSING THE WINGS" Sign
Damn.39*
______________________
* Drawing 39. Revised edition, Rev. N 3 .
The sign is installed perpendicular to the axis of the track in front of the sign "Raise the knife, close the wings" (Fig. 40 and 41) in areas where high-speed snow plows operate.
Sign "RAISE KNIFE, CLOSE WINGS"
The sign is set perpendicular to the track axis:
a) in the presence of one obstacle;
Damn.42. Sign "LOW KNIFE, OPEN WINGS"
Sign "LOW KNIFE, OPEN WINGS"
Damn.42*
______________________
* Drawing 42. Revised edition, Rev. N 3 .
The sign is set perpendicular to the track axis.
The signs indicated in drawings 40-42, at the request of the customer, can be made without retroreflectors.
(Changed edition, Rev. N 3).
D. Portable signal signs
Damn.43. Signs "BEGINNING OF A DANGEROUS PLACE" and "END OF A DANGEROUS PLACE"
Signs "BEGINNING OF A DANGEROUS PLACE" and "END OF A DANGEROUS PLACE"
______________________
* Drawing 43. Revised edition, Rev. N 3 .
Signs must be mounted on poles perpendicular to the track axis.
The sign "End of a dangerous place" is placed on the reverse side of the sign "Beginning of a dangerous place".
Signs at the request of the customer can be made without retroreflectors.
(Changed edition, Rev. N 1,).
Damn.44. Sign "C" about blowing a whistle
Sign "C" about blowing a whistle
The sign must be mounted on a pole perpendicular to the track axis.
II. TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS
1. Signs must be made in accordance with the requirements of this standard according to the drawings of the Ministry of Railways and GOST 10807-78 in terms of technical requirements for signs according to drawings 13b, 14b.
(Changed edition, Rev. N 1,).
2. The shape and dimensions of poles (poles) for track and signal signs, as well as the method of attaching plates to them, are established according to the drawings of the Ministry of Railways.
3. Sign plates must be of strong and rigid construction.
4. Plates of signs must be enameled or painted, except for signs according to drawings 13b, 14b.
Enamelled plates must be made of pickled steel sheet in accordance with GOST 19904-74, a sheet with a thickness of 0.8 to 1 mm; painted - from thin sheet steel according to GOST 19903-74 or GOST 19904-74, a sheet with a thickness of 0.9 to 2 mm, or from other materials that have the necessary strength and resistance to atmospheric influences.
(Changed edition, Rev. N 1,).
5. The pillars must be made of reinforced concrete. In forested areas, poles may be made of wood. It is allowed to use other materials (except metal) for the manufacture of pillars that have the necessary strength and appropriate resistance.
On electrified sections, signal and way signs "Attention! - current section", the sign "Lower the pantograph", "Raise the pantograph", "Station border", "Conductor", sign "C" about giving a whistle, "Start of pushing", "End of pushing ", "Turn off the current", "Turn on the current on the electric locomotive", "Turn on the current on the electric train", deviating - can be installed on the supports of the contact network (except for the supports on which traffic light heads and disconnectors of the contact network are installed).
(Changed edition, Rev. N 1, 2).
6. Track and signal signs must be installed in accordance with the Rules for the Technical Operation of USSR Railways and the Instructions for Signaling on USSR Railways.
7. On narrow gauge railways, the distance from the ground or the level of the top of the rail head to the lower edge of the sign plate may be changed by agreement between the ministries operating the roads, depending on the type of rolling stock in circulation.
8. The surface of the plates must be cleaned before painting. Painting is carried out on the ground in two layers with oil paints according to GOST 8292-85 or pentaphthalic enamels according to GOST 6465-76. The coloring should be even, without streaks, wrinkles, spots and should not peel off.
(Changed edition, Rev. N 3).
9. The inscriptions on the plates or the faces of the pillars are applied with black paints on a white background.
On wooden poles of the sign of the border of the railway right of way, letters and the image of a sickle and a hammer may be applied by burning.
(Changed edition, Rev. N 1).
10. Plates of signs on the front side are painted: according to drawings 1, 2, 4, 10, 11, 12, 23, 24, 28, 34 - white, the rest of the signs - in the order indicated on the drawings. back side The plates are painted black.
(Changed edition, Rev. N 1, 2,).
11. Poles should be painted in grey colour, except for the lower part of the post - from ground level to a height of 250 mm, as well as the upper pointed part, which are painted black.
The text of the document is verified by:
official publication
M.: Publishing house of standards, 1983
Revision of the document, taking into account
changes and additions prepared
JSC "Kodeks"
At sidings, passing points and stations, the paths are limited by limit posts and signals. The limit columns show the place beyond which rolling stock cannot be installed on the track in the direction of the turnout. This ensures traffic safety. So, the tail of the train is on the way BUT- B must stand so that the train coming from BUT(or from V to L), it was possible to freely take on the path A - B(Fig. 163, a). This is possible if the distance b- With enough to pass along the way BUT- AT the widest wagon or locomotive, taking into account vibrations during movement. Distances b - With and With- d according to PTE, they are equal to 2050 mm, which corresponds to the track spacing of 4100 mm; on existing tracks, a distance of 3810 mm is allowed; on transshipment tracks with a narrowed track spacing, limit posts are installed where the width of the track spacing is 3600 mm. With a wagon width of 3600 mm, the free gap for the safe passage of wagons will be 4100-3600 = 500 mm. If these minimum distances are observed, depending on the location of the converging tracks, the distance from the center of the turnouts to the limit posts will be different:
the limit column is located between straight converging paths (Fig. 163, b)
Table 5
Distance in m from the center of the turnout to the limit post and signal (main cases) at stations equipped with electrical interlocking
|
Device |
Intertrack, m |
Cross brand |
|||
|
limit column | |||||
|
Traffic light on mast without ladder | |||||
|
Dwarf traffic light | |||||
Table 6
Distance from the center of the turnout to the limit post and traffic light (mast) on tracks not equipped with electrical interlocking
|
Width between tracks, m |
The device and brand of the cross |
Width between tracks, m |
|||||
|
limit column |
Traffic light | ||||||
the limit column of the woolen turnout switch (Fig. 160, a); output signals - at each track or group of tracks intended for the departure of the train, in front of the locomotive parking lot. Signals located between the tracks are placed taking into account the clearance of the approaching buildings, mast traffic lights - at a distance of 2450 mm from the axis of the track. The distances to the signals are calculated using the same formulas as for the limit columns (Tables 5 and 6).
When equipping arrows and signals with electrical interlocking, station tracks and necks are divided into isolated sections. Insulating joints are located at a distance of at least 3.5 m from the limit posts away from the station. Between these joints and the tail of the cross, it is necessary to lay non-standard rail cabins. In order to be able to lay standard cuttings behind the tail of the cross (minimum cutting is 6.25 m and, as an exception, in difficult conditions - 4.5 m), the estimated distance between the limit post and the center of the turnout is accordingly increased, while maintaining the specified useful path length.
output signal and limit column at the opposite end of the path (on the path 5 signal I 5 and the limit column at the turnout 15; on a way 2 signal H 2 and the limit column at the turnout 2) . The useful length of the double-acting track (main track I) differs in directions (for the direction to B - the distance between the limit column at the turnout 4, but not 2 and signal H 1 for direction A - between the limit column at the turnout 5 and signal H 1 ) ;
limit post and anti-wool turnout switch (path 7 - from the limit post at the turnout 19 to the front joint of the frame rail arrows 14) ;
limit post and stop of a dead-end path (paths 10, 8 and 9);
anti-wool arrow or signal and stop of a dead-end path (exhaust path 4 - from the shunting signal M 4 to the stop, if there is no signal - from the front joint of the frame rail at the turnout 7 to the stop).
To determine the need for topside materials, calculate full length station tracks. It is important not to miss any elements of the path and not to count them twice. Counting is usually carried out along the axes of the tracks from the centers of the turnouts. Since turnouts in sets are supplied separately, after calculating the total length of the station tracks, the total length of all turnouts is subtracted from it. The main routes are not included in the calculation. Let us show how to calculate the total length of the station tracks in Fig. 166:
Separately calculate the length of the congresses 11 -3,1 -7 and 17 -21. The access road is taken into account if its construction is included in the project. If rails of different types are laid at the station, the total length is calculated for each type separately.
The useful length of the receiving and departing tracks for freight traffic (1250, 1050 and 850 m) is taken in accordance with the length of trains planned for this line for the tenth year of operation, taking into account the unified length of trains on neighboring lines. On lines with a high load density, with an appropriate feasibility study, receiving and departure tracks can be accepted with a greater useful length (one and a half or doubled). This will make it possible to organize the driving of long and connected trains. Useful track lengths for the reception and departure of various kinds of transfer trains, cargo fronts, etc. are set depending on the freight turnover, technological
whom the work process and local conditions. The useful length of the tracks intended for the passage of only passenger trains with parking must correspond to the maximum length of the latter accepted for circulation in the fifth year of operation, and the length of passenger platforms up to 500 m (and serving only suburban traffic - 300 m). The useful length of marshalling tracks for the accumulation and formation of single-group, as well as the connection of parts of group trains, is taken depending on the length of their trains, and it is recommended to increase the length of the tracks at marshalling yards by at least 10%. The useful length of safety dead ends is at least 50 m, the main exhaust tracks at precinct and marshalling stations are equal to the full length of the freight train, and at intermediate stations - at least half of it (in the first stage - at least 200 m).
ABC of road signs
Many passengers, looking out the window, probably wondered more than once: what are these tricky signs, signs, letters, numbers, which stretch along the way either on poles or on poles, painted one color or striped? These signs are really wise, like the science of any fine craft. .
Way signs are used to designate a particular place on a railway track. They are necessary for the driver when driving a train, planning and performing track work, fixing the location of structures, the water level in areas of floodplain embankments, and in a number of other cases. Track signs include kilometer, slope, picket signs, benchmarks of the beginning and end of circular curves, special way signs
Kilometer marks set on the right side of the track (in the direction of the reference of kilometers) not closer than 3.1 m from the axis of the outermost track in recesses (except for rocky ones) and at the exits from them (over 100 m), kilometer marks are placed no closer than 5.7 m from the axis of the outermost way. The pole is painted gray, and its bottom and upper pointed part are black. On the main directions, on the top of the poles, a flat white plate indicating kilometers from Moscow is attached with an edge to the railway track.
Previously, kilometer posts were called milestones, were striped, like milestones on the highway and highroads, and measured out, respectively, miles. In the book "Railroads 1825-1925", published in 1925, the author writes: “To designate versts, pickets, slopes and curves, as well as to indicate the boundaries of sections, okolodok (the spelling of the original is preserved) of road foremen, departments of senior workers, etc., “way signs” are placed on the edge of the canvas, which must have a clear inscription, clearly visible from the train. Road signs are usually made from old rails with the appropriate inscriptions on them with oil paint. Pickets are marked with low stone columns, painted white with a serial number from one to nine; the tenth picket is not put up, since there is a milestone in its place.
picket signs(made of wood, stone or concrete), usually 500 mm high, is installed on the side of the subgrade. In areas where there is little or no snow, stone and concrete picket signs may be 300 mm high. The signs are painted grey, while the top and bottom of the wooden signs are painted black. On each sign, numbers 120 mm high indicate the numbers of the finished and started pickets of a given kilometer. The numbers are written in black paint on two opposite sides of the sign, located across the canvas.
Picket signs (a - wooden, b - concrete)
rappers the beginning and end of the circular curve (Fig. 3 95) are made of stone or concrete, installed on the right or left side of the railway. path not closer than 3.1 m from its axis against the beginning and end of circular curves. The letters indicated on the columns have a height of 35 mm with a vertical distance of 15 mm between the letters and indicate: NKK - the beginning of the circular curve, KKK - the end of the circular curve, PC - the number of the previous picket plus the distance from it to the beginning (end) of the curve in meters ; R is the radius of the circular curve in meters; B is the elevation of the outer rail in meters.
Reference of the beginning (or end) of a circular curve
In the old days, the path was also marked slope indicators. They were canceled at the turn of 1950-1960. The wing of the slope indicator looked up or down, depending on the elevation or slope of the path, and indicated the beginning of the slope and its size in “thousandths”. The deviating sign was installed at the fracture sites of the longitudinal profile. The position of the plate indicates the nature of the profile element in front (slope, rise, platform), and the numbers indicate the steepness of the element in thousandths and its length.
Slope indicators were needed as long as the rolling stock was on towbars - that is, with screw couplers or couplers (screw harness), and not with automatic ones, as it is now. Since the end of the 1930s, the introduction of an automatic coupling began, and gradually the need for directional signs disappeared.
Special-purpose track signs installed and maintained by railwaymen include signs indicating the locations of hidden subgrade structures (inspection wells, under-sump drainages, adits, etc.); higher water horizon and maximum wave; railroad borders lanes, etc.
Signal signs installed along the track require certain actions from the personnel involved in the train shunting operation: “Lower the pantograph”, “Raise the pantograph”, “Start of pushing”, “End of pushing”, “Attention current division”, etc.
Previously, with steam locomotives, there were many not only now obsolete professions, but also signal signs on the way, such as "Close the siphon" and "Close the blower ". Everyone knows the expression "siphoned" - that is, it blew through. So the siphon really creates artificial draft in the locomotive furnace, which makes the fuel burn much more actively. The assistant driver opens the valve on the boiler, and steam begins to flow into the pipe with force from the siphon ring. When the siphon is turned on, especially if the locomotive runs on coal or wood, it raises sparks from the locomotive pipe, and sometimes large burning pieces of fuel. When a steam locomotive with a strongly open siphon passed under the bridge (and in locomotive times, that is, until the mid-1960s, many pedestrian, road, narrow-gauge bridges and overpasses were still completely wooden), the bridge could be set on fire or heavy smoke dangerous for pedestrians.
Sign "Shut the blower" was placed in front of pedestrian decks and bridges that are under the locomotive. In the old days from under the locomotive decently littered from the furnace on the way with burning flakes of slag and pieces of flaming coal. The path along which steam locomotives ran on solid fuel (coal, firewood, shale, peat) was always recognizable. There were cases when entire stations burned down due to the burning of wooden sleepers and beams by the fallen locomotive heat. Sign "Shut the blower" forced the locomotive crew to close the ashpit in a dangerous place. The new steam locomotives manufactured in the 1930s-1950s had large bunker ash pans, through which the slag from the furnace woke up much less, but the signs "Shut the blower" they continued to stand for a long time, until the locomotives left completely.
Signs "Start of pushing" and "End of Pushing" limit the place on a long rise, where the pushing of trains by the pusher locomotive should begin and end.
Sign "Station Border" - this is the place where the haul ends and the station tracks begin - another official subordination.
And here is the sign "Conductor" trickier: this is not at all the conductor that the uninitiated might think of, here the meaning is different. Previously, when there were no radio stations on the locomotives and no message could be transmitted to the driver, in the event of a malfunction of the input semaphore or traffic light that blocked the entrance to the station, the train, according to the instructions, had to be met by a representative of the station duty officer (passenger) - he was called the conductor. In his hand he held a painted tin or steel plate with an embossed inscription: "Ticket-conductor No. such-and-such, station such-and-such, for receiving even or odd trains." Having received this ticket, the driver received the right to enter the station, accompanied by this same conductor. So this is the place where the conductor was supposed to meet the train, and was indicated by a sign "Conductor".
Road signs also include limit posts - they are installed in the middle of the track where the distance between the axes of the converging tracks is 4100 mm (normal track distance on hauls). On station tracks, a distance of 3810 mm is allowed.
Limit columns: a - for the main and receiving and departure routes; b - for station tracks
On transshipment tracks with a narrowed track spacing, limit posts are placed in places where the width of the track spacing reaches 3600 mm. On curved sections, this distance should increase as the radius of the rail track decreases. On the limit columns of the park paths, on the sections facing the arrows, indicate the numbers of the paths between which the column is located. These signs indicate "limit"- a place beyond which it is impossible to put the car. In common parlance, railroad workers call these columns “limit” or “passage” and say, for example: “it is beyond the limit”, “there are passages”, “they got out of the way” - that is, the tail of the train fit behind the limit column. In the old days, there were still columns that indicated the boundaries of sections, distances or neighborhoods. They were called border posts from the words "border" or "edge".
AT "Regulations on signals on railways in Russia" dated January 31, 1873 limit posts referred to as Train stop signs:
"§33. Train stop signs . On station tracks, special columns painted red should indicate those parts of the tracks where trains and rolling stock in general can be placed at a stop. These posts are placed at all corners of the converging tracks, at such a distance from their junction that the width between the tracks is not less than 6 ½ feet. (0.93 sazhens).
Note . An exception is allowed only for the Nicholas Railway, where bollards can be installed, at such a distance from the junction of the tracks, where the width between the tracks is not less than 5 ½ feet. (0.79 sazhens.)".
And in "Signal Rules", published in 1897 Moscow-Kazan Railway In chapter " Station Signals» the following definition is given:
“Indicating the location of trains on the station tracks: Limit posts placed between the tracks. The train or individual wagons must not cross these posts, i.e. thereby approaching the intersection, branching of two adjacent paths.
Special railway zhivinka - temporary portable road signs. This is purely railroad specificity. Some of them have already been mentioned above (" Station boundary", "Explorer" ). There are still signs "Stop of the locomotive", "Stop of the first car", "Raise the pantograph", "Lower the pantograph", "End of the catenary", etc.
Sign "C" means giving a long whistle in this place. This sign can be installed on a pole, a shield or on a catenary pole.
Signs "The Beginning of a Dangerous Place" and "The End of a Dangerous Place" limit the space on the track that the train needs to pass with a decrease in speed, often very significant, for example, in the production of track work.
Very distinctive and expressive signs exist to guide the snowplow manager. Travelers put them only for the winter before moving and in general any oversized place where a snowplow on the move can hit a protruding surface with a knife or wings and derail. Sign "Raise the knife, close the wings" installed on the right side along the course of the train at a distance of 30 m (and in areas where high-speed snow plows operate - 50 m) in front of an obstacle (crossing floor, bridge, etc.). "Knife down, wings open" sign at a distance of 10 m behind the obstacle.
"Green Shield", "Yellow Shield", "Red Shield" - the locomotive crew calls these portable signals out loud while driving the train, immediately indicating the speed with which you can follow after passing the sign. For example, “Yellow shield, speed sixty,” the assistant announces. “Yellow shield, speed sixty,” repeats the driver. These signs show that there is a train speed limit of 60 km/h ahead. When the place of speed reduction is left behind at a distance of the standard length of circulating trains, there is a green shield near the track - keep the speed set, that is, the one with which you can follow this stage or station. A red shield is a sign that generally prohibits any movement forward. For greater persuasiveness, they put it not next to the path, but right between the rails. It's like a driver's sign "brick".
Warning signs "Beware of the train » at crossings are installed on the road, suitable for the railway. track at a distance of 20 m from the extreme rail on the right side in the direction of the vehicle. A sign is installed at a distance of 50 m from the outermost rail "Attention! Automatic barrier.
There is a sign called Decrease Disc", which is fixed on a pole installed on the side of the subgrade.
Railway way signs are precise, silent and therefore especially attractive professional language. Columns, signs, signals - to know all this wisdom was both responsible and very honorable. Railway workers in the eyes of the respectable public were represented as people of significant and skilled labor, they commanded respect. Everyone clearly knew and did their job and was responsible for it. Everything had meaning and purpose. It was a mathematically precise industry that worked around the clock like clockwork. Everything in it was determined by technical feasibility.
In preparing the article, materials from the book by Alexei Vulfov " Everyday life Russian Railways”, Moscow, “Young Guard”, 2007, as well as:
1. Katikman, A. A. Railways 1825-1925 / A. A. Katikman; ed. S. D. Kareisha. - L., 1925. - 100 p. – From the content: Road signs. S. 82.
2. " Big Encyclopedia railway Transport”, Moscow, “Great Russian Encyclopedia”, 2003
3. Rules for the technical operation of railways open for public use: approved. Decree of the Minister of Railways Feb 8 1898 - St. Petersburg, 1898. - 87 p. – From the content: About the limit columns and signs. - S. 35-36.
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