What is chronic disease. Acute, chronic and fatal diseases
A disease is a process that occurs as a result of exposure to an organism of a harmful (extreme) stimulus of the external or internal environment, characterized by a decrease in the adaptability of a living organism to the external environment while ... ... Wikipedia
A large group of infections diseases of humans and animals, a common feature to ryh is a long course. There are 2 groups of H.i. Primary X. and. from the very beginning and in all individuals of the susceptible species (species) take a chronic course. Sharp… … Dictionary of microbiology
Those who successfully face adversity usually have a group of people who support them and help maintain a sense of dignity and personal worth. They also seek to always count on the fellowship of the Spirit, stay close to the Lord, and keep the commandments.
This will help you understand what he needs and the problems and limitations the person may experience. Consider special hygiene needs and those related to physical location and other assistance. Note that it is likely that the disease will also affect other people who care for the sick person when they see their loved one struggle. Help the person maintain dignity. Support her as much as possible in her quest to take care of herself, taking into account the real possibilities of the person. Be positive and focused on what the person can do instead of emphasizing limitations. Co-opt with priesthood leaders and auxiliaries by visiting teachers and teachers, and with individual and family related arrangements. For example, physical limitations may require assistance with visits and returns. Where practicable, help the person with a disability and his or her family keep the influence of the Spirit with them. Look for opportunities for the person to serve and contribute according to his or her ability in the neighborhood community. Seek to listen carefully to the person as he tries to accept, understand and resist the disease. Never imply that an illness has occurred because the person is "special" or "sinful." Both prayer and faith in Christ are necessary. If a person is hospitalized or unable to leave home, they will be very grateful for frequent visits. Remember that many people with chronic conditions cannot sit or concentrate for long periods of time. If necessary, write a note that shows love and encouragement, or read good book together.
- Learn about the disease and how it affects the person.
- Consider emotional, physical and spiritual needs.
- Take the time to show genuine interest.
- Know how to respond in an emergency.
A variant of persistent infections, the main sign of which is a long-term manifestation of wedge signs of the disease with the presence and often the release of the pathogen into the external environment. Most chronic viral infections proceed in acute ... ... Dictionary of microbiology
GLOMERULAR DISEASES- honey. Glomerular diseases are the general name for diseases with a primary lesion of the renal glomeruli. Damage to the glomeruli changes the permeability of the capillaries of the malpigian body, leading to the appearance of proteinuria, hematuria, leukocyturia, urinary ... ... Disease Handbook
Non-communicable diseases are the main cause of death in our country and in the world. They consist of chronic non-communicable diseases and external injuries. Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases are long-term diseases that are generally slow in evolution. These diseases are a veritable epidemic that is on the rise due to the aging of the population and the current lifestyle, which highlights sedinarism and poor nutrition. Together they account for more than 60% of deaths, 80% of which occur in low- and middle-income countries.
Excessive consumption of alcohol. Today, he has effective measures to prevent these diseases that affect these risk factors. Reorientation of medical services for the care of people with chronic diseases. What is diabetes mellitus? Diabetes is a chronic disease characterized by high blood sugar levels. A chronic disease is one that has no cure, but with proper management and treatment, a person with diabetes can prevent complications and lead a normal life.
Hippocrates Hippocrates (c. 460 377 BC), towering above all the figure of ancient medicine, first introduced honey. literature on the topic of mental deviations. His writings on psychopathology were as controversial as they were original. Psychological Encyclopedia
In modern scientific medicine, the distinction of individual diseases is based primarily on the anatomical principle in the sense of the defeat of certain organs of our body. In relation to D. diseases, this principle, however, is not applicable, at least ... ...
Diabetes is estimated to affect more than a thousand people in our country, and because it has been silent for several years, about half of those who suffer from it are unaware of its condition. What are its reasons? Glucose is a sugar that comes from the digestion of the food we eat, circulates through the blood and is used by the body as an energy source. Diabetes is caused by an alteration in the production or function of insulin, a hormone made by the pancreas that functions as a key to move glucose from the blood to organs and tissues.
Cerebrovascular disease ... Wikipedia
- [For a complete understanding of this article, you must first read the article Bacteria. This article mentions only those biological and physiological features of bacteria that are not mentioned in Art. Bacteria.]… … Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron
In type 1 diabetes, there is no production of insulin, so the body does not have the key to open the door for sugars to enter the tissues. It usually starts before age 30 and your treatment requires a proper meal plan and insulin injections. Type 2 diabetes is the most common form. Although it usually begins after the age of 40, the disease is increasingly seen in young adults and adolescents. This type of diabetes is usually the result of overweight, obesity, poor diet and a sedentary lifestyle.
Although there is insulin production, it does not function adequately. The key is not included in the lock, so the passage of glucose into the tissue is difficult. Therefore, through any of the mechanisms, glucose accumulates in the blood, and the organs lose the fuel for their functioning. Elevated blood sugar above normal levels is called hyperglycemia. Persistent and untreated hyperglycemia can lead to complications in various organs such as the eyes, kidneys, heart, arteries and legs, among others.
NERVOUS DISEASES- NERVOUS DISEASES. Contents: I. Classification N. b. and connection with the bnyami of other organs and systems .......... 569 II. Statistics of nervous diseases ....... 574 III. Etiology ................... 582 IV. General principles for diagnosing N. b ..... 594 V. ... ... Big Medical Encyclopedia
How is diabetes detected? The diagnosis of diabetes is made by measuring fasting blood glucose in venous blood. Determination in capillary blood is useful for monitoring treatment in people receiving insulin, but is not recommended as a diagnostic method. How is this disease present? Diabetes can be silent for several years. This means that sometimes there are no symptoms, but over time it may appear.
Tendency to skin infections. Increased urine production. Parents or siblings with diabetes. Women with babies weighing more than 4.5 kg. If you have any of these symptoms or signs, contact your nearest medical center for a checkup.
Books
- Chronic diseases of the lower respiratory tract and modern civilization, Mikhail Rozhdestvensky. Chronic diseases of the lower respiratory tract in most developed countries of the world are widespread and tend to grow steadily, which determines their important socio-economic…
- Chronic bowel diseases, O. I. Yakhontova, Ya. M. Rutgaiser, L. N. Valenkevich. Modern data on the processes of digestion in the intestine are presented. An assessment of research methods used for diagnostic purposes is given. The issues of etiology, ...
The load on the internal organs during pregnancy increases many times over. Therefore, it is during this period of life that old diseases become aggravated and even new diseases appear.
Avoid foods high in sodium. Complete 6 meals a day: 4 mains and 2 snacks. Even a few cigarettes a day are very bad for the arteries, especially for people with diabetes. Prevention and control of these factors are fundamental aspect treatment of this disease. See if you should take aspirin.
Treatment Based on 4 pillars: healthy eating plan. Pharmacological treatment: oral medications or insulin injections and others depending on the associated risk factors. Diabetes education: Incorporating knowledge of the disease and strategies for daily care is an important component of the management of diabetes and other chronic diseases.
Chronic or extragenital pathology - these are the diseases that a woman suffered from before pregnancy from childhood or adolescence, that is, for quite a long time. Any chronic disease in one way or another affects the course of pregnancy, and pregnancy, in turn, affects the disease, therefore, if a woman with a chronic disease wants to endure and give birth to a healthy baby, it is necessary to plan pregnancy in advance.
What is cardiovascular disease? Cardiovascular disease is a set of entities that affect the heart and blood vessels. When it affects the blood vessels, it can compromise organs such as the brain, lower limbs, kidneys, and heart. The most common cardiovascular diseases are coronary heart disease and cerebrovascular disease. Ischemic heart disease is a disease of the heart secondary to the arteries that feed it.
It can present as angina pectoris or acutely as myocardial infarction. Cerebrovascular disease manifests itself mainly in the form of acute attacks, either by obstruction or bleeding from the artery. In any case, the functions performed by the sector of the brain irrigated by this artery may be temporarily or permanently compromised. There are several recognized factors that increase the risk of developing cardiovascular disease, many of which are modifiable.
The task of the doctor observing pregnancy is to prevent the future mother from developing an exacerbation of the disease, to minimize it. Negative influence on the fetus and the course of pregnancy, to prevent possible complications.
Chronic gastritis
Chronic gastritis is a disease caused by inflammatory changes in the gastric mucosa and impaired production of hydrochloric acid. Chronic gastritis during pregnancy does not have specific symptoms, the clinical picture of the disease is very diverse. In most cases, the symptoms of the disease are pain in the upper abdomen, nausea, vomiting, belching, upset stool. Predisposing factors of chronic gastritis are: stress, malnutrition (“snacks”, food “dry food”), intake of poor-quality food, drinks, smoking.
A modifiable risk factor is one that can be prevented, eliminated, or controlled. What is Chronic Kidney Disease? Chronic kidney disease - abnormal functioning of the kidneys for more than 3 months or their structural change. Although they are very common and have effective strategies for its prevention and early detection, it is often not recognized until the end stages of the disease requiring renal dialysis treatment or renal transplantation, followed by deterioration in quality of life and years of life lost.
In 75?% of women suffering from chronic gastritis, the disease worsens during pregnancy. Often, early toxicosis develops, manifested by nausea and vomiting, and often it lasts up to 14-17 weeks and can be difficult. Chronic gastritis is not a contraindication for pregnancy. Despite the fact that during the period of exacerbation of the disease, a woman experiences discomfort and a significant deterioration in well-being, chronic gastritis does not affect the timing and methods of delivery, as well as the development of the fetus.
Chronic kidney disease is mainly associated with the presence of diabetes and hypertension, although other cardiovascular risk factors such as smoking and high cholesterol may also predispose to its development. Who should be tested for kidney disease? Those who represent. Blood in urine How to prevent it? Prevention and control of cardiovascular risk factors are effective strategies to reduce the development of kidney disease. To achieve this goal, you can.
Eat red or white meat no more than 5 times a week. Add at least 30 minutes of daily physical activity. People with diabetes and high blood pressure should maintain good control of the disease and its associated risk factors. These include asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, allergic rhinitis, occupational lung disease, and pulmonary hypertension.
The measures to prevent chronic gastritis during pregnancy should primarily include diet. Nutrition for gastritis should be fractional - 5-6 times a day. Milk, mucous or milk soups from cereals, soft-boiled eggs, meat or fish meatballs, quenelles, butter, cottage cheese, kefir, vegetable stew, fresh fruits and vegetables are recommended. As the condition improves, the diet is expanded, but even after switching to a normal diet, patients should be excluded from the diet of smoked meats and spicy seasonings.
Family history of asthma or other allergies. On the other hand, the necessary measures must be taken to protect workers exposed to the risk of exposure to dust and chemicals. People who have persistent symptoms of coughing, shortness of breath or shortness of breath or shortness of breath should consult their doctor because treatment may prevent progression of the disease. If you don't smoke don't start, if you smoke you should definitely stop. Protect yours: Make your home and car smoke-free.
What is cancer? Cancer is a set of diseases in which the body produces an excess of malignant cells that grow beyond normal limits and invade healthy tissues. Not all tumors are cancerous; can be benign tumors and malignant tumors. Benign tumors are not malignant. They can be removed and in most cases never reappear. Cells from benign tumors do not spread to other parts of the body. Malignant tumors are malignant.
Limit salt and carbohydrates. It is necessary to normalize the lifestyle, which involves the elimination of stress factors (negative emotions, nervous overload, physical overstrain, etc.). Getting enough rest and adequate sleep is essential.
With an exacerbation of the disease, bed rest is prescribed. Drug treatment of gastritis during pregnancy has its own characteristics. Women with normal or increased acidity of gastric juice are recommended to use bicarbonate mineral waters: Borjomi, Smirnovskaya. In chronic gastritis with low acidity, it is preferable to use the waters of salt-alkaline sources - Essentuki No. 4 and No. 17. In order to compensate for the deficiency of hydrochloric acid and the digestive enzyme pepsin, gastric juice, pepsidil, panzinorm are taken in the doses prescribed by the doctor. Antispasmodic drugs (PAPAVERIN, NO-SHPA) are used to relieve pain. It is recommended to take B vitamins (B1, B6, B12) - they are part of multivitamin complexes for pregnant women.
Drug treatment of gastritis during pregnancy has its own characteristics. Elimination of a bacterial infection that causes gastritis during pregnancy is not performed, since the main drugs used for this purpose (DE-NOL, TETRACYCLINE) are contraindicated.
With erosions of the mucous membrane of the stomach and duodenum, drugs such as ALMAGEL, PHOSFALUGEL are traditionally used. Their use is due to the fact that erosion of the mucous membrane of the stomach and duodenum occurs as a result of the aggressive effect of hydrochloric acid and pepsin on the mucous membrane with a weakening of its protective mechanisms. These drugs coat the gastric mucosa, protecting it. However, during pregnancy, it is not recommended to prescribe these funds for longer than 3 days. They contain aluminum compounds, which, if consumed in large quantities, can be toxic to the fetus. It is better to replace these drugs with aluminum-free products, such as RENNIE, GASTROPHARM.
Also, caution should be taken with the antiemetic drug CERUKAL. With uncontrolled use, it can cause early termination of pregnancy and disorders in the development of the adrenal and pituitary glands of the fetus.
peptic ulcer
Peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum is a chronic, cyclically occurring disease with periods of exacerbation, during which a defect is formed in the mucous membrane of the stomach or duodenum (that is, the integrity of the mucous membrane is violated). The main symptoms of peptic ulcer disease are: pain in the pit of the stomach, radiating to the retrosternal region and left hand, reminiscent of the heart. Characterized by the occurrence of pain some time after eating: 20-60 minutes with a stomach ulcer, 2-3 hours with a duodenal ulcer, belching, nausea, constipation, bloating, weight loss.
Chemically active substances are constantly present in the human stomach: hydrochloric acid and the enzyme pepsin. The stomach is protected from them by special mucus, and if it is not enough, then the mucosa is damaged. One of the causes of mucosal damage is the presence of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori.
Pregnancy usually has a beneficial effect on the course of peptic ulcer disease. This is facilitated by changes in the secretory (decrease in acidity, increased mucus formation) and motor functions of the stomach, increased blood supply. The high level of sex hormones is also important, as they increase the intensity of regenerative processes in the tissues of the digestive organs and improve their blood supply. Complications of peptic ulcer (bleeding, perforation of the ulcer) during pregnancy are rare. They can occur before childbirth, during childbirth, in the early postpartum period. Therefore, women suffering from peptic ulcer, 2-3 weeks before childbirth and immediately after childbirth, it is necessary to conduct preventive treatment courses.
The range of drug treatment during pregnancy is limited, a large role is given to regimen and dietary measures. It is recommended to limit physical activity, half-bed rest (at the same time, a woman is allowed to walk around the house, serve herself, but it is desirable to be in bed 15-18 hours a day), fractional 5-6 meals a day. You should try to avoid foods that stimulate the production of hydrochloric acid (coffee, chocolate, citrus fruits and juices from them, carbonated drinks, tomatoes, hard-boiled eggs, sour berries, fresh bread, fried, spicy and pickled dishes, spices). It is recommended to switch to boiled vegetables, meat, fish and poultry. Foods that help manage heartburn include milk, carrot juice, wheat toast, seeds, water-based oatmeal, bananas, and fresh cucumbers. Mineral water to neutralize the increased amount of acid must be consumed without gas.
If it is not possible to cope with the disease with the help of a diet, then acid-neutralizing agents can bring relief. It is important to remember that many drugs are contraindicated during pregnancy and only a doctor can prescribe a safe drug.
Elimination of Helicobacter pylori infection during pregnancy is not performed, since the use of drugs used for this purpose is undesirable: DE-NOL and TETRACYCLINE. Pregnant women should also not take H2-blockers (RANITIDINE, FAMOTIDINE, CIMETIDINE); proton pump inhibitors (omeprazole, rabeprazole). Medicines recommended for use during exacerbations of peptic ulcer in pregnant women are the so-called antacids, that is, drugs that reduce the acidity of gastric contents and protect the mucous membrane. This group includes, for example, RENNIE, GASTROPHARM. MAALOX and ALMAGEL should be used with caution.
Liver disease
Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver, which is most often caused by hepatitis viruses (A, B, C, D, E, etc.). Symptoms of the disease can be heaviness in the right hypochondrium, nausea, vomiting, jaundice, weakness, etc. Usually, acute forms of the disease are the cause of severe pregnancy complications. For example, acute hepatitis at the peak of the disease with severe intoxication (high fever, chills, severe general state) in pregnant women can cause miscarriage or premature birth.
In most patients with chronic hepatitis B or C, pregnancy does not affect the course of the disease and does not pose a risk to the mother. The course of chronic viral hepatitis in pregnant women is characterized, as a rule, by low activity and rare exacerbations. Pregnancy and the birth of a healthy child are quite possible, but there are a number of conditions. Hepatitis can be the cause of structural changes in the placenta, leading to oxygen deficiency and slowing down the development of the fetus.
Fortunately, none of the hepatitis viruses has a teratogenic effect; does not cause malformations in the fetus. Transmission of infection to the fetus is inherent in blood-borne hepatitis (B, C, D, and G). Mostly children become infected during childbirth, so a caesarean section is often recommended for a woman with hepatitis. Specific antiviral treatment of hepatitis with INTERFERON and RIBAVIRIN during pregnancy is strictly prohibited. This is due to the fact that RIBAVIRIN has a teratogenic property, and the effect of INTERFERONS on fetal development has not been studied. During pregnancy, such women are prescribed safe hepatoprotectors (ESSENTIALE, HOFITOL, CARSIL), which have a protective effect on the liver. Particular attention is paid to a special diet, which in case of hepatitis is enriched with vegetables and fruits, strong stimulants of the secretion of the stomach and pancreas, fried foods and foods rich in cholesterol are excluded from the diet.
Childbirth in parturient women with viral hepatitis is carried out in specialized maternity hospitals or specialized departments of maternity hospitals with strict adherence to anti-epidemiological measures.
Inflammation of the gallbladder
Cholecystitis is an inflammation of the gallbladder. With cholecystitis, a woman is worried about pain or a feeling of heaviness in the right hypochondrium. Pain is aggravated by violation of the diet, may be accompanied by a feeling of bitterness in the mouth, nausea, belching, heartburn, bloating.
During pregnancy, progesterone relaxes all smooth muscle organs (the main action of this hormone is the relaxation of the muscles of the uterus), which leads to insufficient, sluggish emptying of the gallbladder and stagnation of bile in it.
If there are stones in gallbladder a pregnant woman may develop hepatic (biliary) colic. It is accompanied by severe pain in the right hypochondrium, radiating to the right shoulder, shoulder blade, neck. The pain is accompanied by nausea, vomiting, bitterness in the mouth, heartburn, and bloating. The attack lasts from 15-40 minutes to 12 hours. Usually colic develops late in the evening or at night, usually after errors in diet, due to experiences, shaky driving.
Pregnancy often worsens the course of cholecystitis and cholelithiasis, exacerbation of the disease occurs in half of expectant mothers suffering from this disease, most of them in the third trimester. Chronic cholecystitis, in turn, affects the course of pregnancy. Excruciating nausea, toxicosis, expressed by vomiting, are often observed, a little less often - salivation. Moreover, early toxicosis is delayed up to 16-20, and sometimes up to 28-29 weeks of pregnancy.
The basis of the treatment of diseases of the liver and gallbladder is diet therapy.
The use of refractory fats, coarse food is limited, spices, pickles, marinades, fried foods, smoked meats are excluded. Food is taken in fractional portions at least 5-6 times a day. It is useful to include mineral water in the diet (Essentuki No. 4 and No. 17, Smirnovskaya, Narzan), cottage cheese, protein omelet (made only from egg whites), cod.
With acute pain in the right hypochondrium, you can take NO-SHPU, PAPAVERIN. If the pain does not subside within an hour, the woman should consult a doctor (call an ambulance medical care) for more intensive treatment measures. In case of emergency during pregnancy, surgical treatment can be performed - cholecystectomy (removal of the gallbladder).
To correct the functioning of the liver and biliary tract during pregnancy, drugs are used that accelerate the excretion of bile. Preference is given to products of plant or animal origin (HOLOSAS, URSOFALC, HOLIVER, ICMORTAL EXTRACT, CORN STRIPS). Synthetic drugs (NIKODIN, ZIKVALON, OXYFENAMIDE) require replacement. When an infection is attached, antibiotics are prescribed. When choosing them, the duration of pregnancy should be taken into account (in the first trimester, ANTIBIOTICS OF THE PENICILLIN SERIES are used, and in the II and III trimesters, groups of CEPHALOSPORRINS are used).
Chronic pancreatitis
Chronic pancreatitis is a chronic inflammation of the pancreas. Symptoms of pancreatitis are: girdle pain from the left hypochondrium to the spine, nausea, diarrhea, weight loss. Unsystematic, irregular nutrition, the use of spicy and fatty foods, alcohol, medicines, especially in combination with a deficiency in food of proteins and vitamins, are factors contributing to the development of chronic pancreatitis. Exacerbation of chronic pancreatitis occurs in approximately 1?/?3 pregnant women and often coincides with the development of early toxicosis, and often vomiting continues until 16-17 weeks of pregnancy. Chronic pancreatitis does not significantly affect the course of the second half of pregnancy and its outcome. Pregnancy has no effect on the course of chronic pancreatitis, with a stable remission of the disease, in the absence of severe pancreatic dysfunction and complications, pregnancy with chronic pancreatitis is allowed. Diet is the main link in complex therapy for the chronic form of the disease.
In general, the diet is similar to that for liver diseases. Meals should be fractional, 5-6 times a day, in small portions. Exclude alcohol, marinades, fried, fatty and spicy foods, strong broths, which have a significant stimulating effect on the pancreas. Food should be warm, as cold dishes increase the pain. In the first 1-3 days of exacerbation of chronic pancreatitis, complete fasting is prescribed. Of the drugs, antispasmodic (NO-ShPA, PAPAVERIN), analgesic and anti-enzymatic drugs for inactivation of pancreatic enzymes (APROTININ or PANTRIPIN) are indicated - they are administered intravenously.
Antibiotics are indicated for severe exacerbations. During the period of remission of the disease, METIONINE, preparations containing PANCREAS ENZYMES, POLYVITAMINS, ASCORBIC ACID, PENTOXIL are prescribed. The use of proton pump blockers (omeprazole) or H2 blockers during pregnancy is undesirable.
With the development of acute pancreatitis for the first time for up to 12 weeks, termination of pregnancy may be indicated due to the serious condition of the expectant mother. In the chronic course, delivery during a full-term or premature pregnancy is carried out through the natural birth canal using epidural anesthesia (while the woman remains conscious, anesthesia is achieved by introducing substances into the spinal canal of the spine). C-section produced in exceptional cases and according to absolute obstetric indications due to the high risk of developing infectious complications.
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