Who is a cardinal. Is a cardinal a rank or a position? New explanatory and derivational dictionary of the Russian language, T
CARDINAL(from Latin "door hook") - in Catholicism - the highest clergy, occupying in church hierarchy seat directly behind the pope, above archbishops and bishops. Sometimes referred to as "Princes of the Church".
K. acquired this position gradually. Under Theodosius the Great, the word "K." denoted an official. From the 5th to the 11th century K. were called clerics who occupied permanent places at certain parish churches (not in villages), who were firmly connected with their places, "like a door connected to a hook on which it hangs." While in other regions the title of K. disappeared, in Rome he acquired all greater value. Rome was divided into districts, each of which had its own main church, and its rector was called K. (in the beginning there were 7 of them). Only in these churches did the sacraments take place.
K.-priests and K.-deacons of Rome were present in the council of the pope and took a significant part in his election, when the choice depended on the clergy and the people, but were considered even lower than the bishops. There were no bishops then, but the bishops of the Roman metropolis took part both in the council and in the election of the pope.
At the beginning of the 6th c. title "K." began to mean "excellency", "eminence".
By the 8th c. K. form a privileged class of the clergy, taking part in the celebration of the papal liturgy and being part of the Roman spiritual administration. According to a decree adopted in 769, only K. could be elected pope.
In the 11th century the bishops of Ostia, Porto, Rufina (later joined to Porto), Albano, Sabinum, Tusculum (now Frascati) and Palestrina (now Praeneste) were also named C.
The decree of Pope Nicholas II, issued in 1059, by virtue of which the college of cardinals received the right to choose a pope, was of great importance in the history of the development of the dignity of Carlos. Prior to the Lateran Council of 1179, only the C.-archbishops used this right, but at this Council this authority was returned to the entire college of C. (see. Conclave). Under Innocent IV (1243-1254), K. received a place above all bishops and a red cap, symbolically denoting that they would act to the last drop of blood, without fear of death, "for the sake of exalting the holy faith, for the sake of peace and tranquility of the Christian people, for the sake of multiplying and welfare of the Holy Roman Church". Boniface VIII (1295-1303) gave them a princely mantle, Paul II (1464-1471) - the right to have a white horse with a red veil and golden reins. Pius V (1566-1572) in 1567 forbade those who did not receive this rank from the pope to be called K., and under Urban VIII (1630) K. received the title Eminentissimus, Eminentia, which was worn by spiritual electors.
The number of K. was different (in the 12th century, rarely more than 30, even decreased to 7) until 1586, when, by decree of Pope Sixtus V (1585-1590), it was determined at 70 (according to the number of 70 elders of Israel and 70 students Christ's): of these, 6 K.-archbishops, 50 K.-high priests and 14 K.-archdeacons. John XXIII (1958-1963) removed this restriction and since then the number of K. has exceeded 100.
K.-priests and K.-deacons bear titles after the names of the Roman churches and chapels in which they are listed. In their churches and those subordinate to them, K. have episcopal jurisdiction and, in addition, many other privileges.
K. are appointed exclusively by the pope, first at a secret, then at a solemn meeting of the consistory, with the observance of well-known rites. The pope can appoint K. - for some time not to announce their names, keep them "in his chest", and the seniority of such K. is counted from the day the pope announced the appointment. In modern times, foreigners who received the rank of K. on the recommendation of their governments and represented their sovereigns in papal elections were called K. crowns (France and Austria, as well as Spain and Portugal). K., together with the pope, form a sacred college, the dean of which is considered to be the oldest K.-bishop. Forming a papal consistory, they help him in important matters. For the management of a certain range of affairs, commissions called congregations are formed from K.. K. occupy well-known positions of the papal government.
The main external differences of the cardinal rank: a red robe, a red (during mourning and fasting - purple) hat with two silk cords and tassels at the ends, which is obtained in Rome from the hands of the pope (hence: "get a red hat" in the sense of "be appointed K."), a ring, an umbrella covered with red or purple cloth, a throne (in their own church) and a coat of arms.
Above all archbishops and bishops.
Notable offices of papal government are held by cardinals. These are:
- Cardinal Camerlengo (Camerlengo) - in charge of finances and from the death of one to the choice of another pope, he holds the position of guardian of the papal throne;
- cardinal vicar - deputy pope in the diocese of Rome;
- cardinal vice-chancellor - chairman of the Roman chancellery;
- Cardinal Secretary of State (Minister of Foreign Affairs)
- Cardinal Secretary of State for Home Affairs
- cardinal grand penitentiary,
- Cardinal Librarian of the Vatican Library and others (see Papal Curia).
The main external differences of the cardinal dignity:
- red mantle,
- red Riding Hood,
- red (during mourning and fasting - purple) hat with two silk cords and tassels at the ends, which is obtained in Rome from the hands of the pope (hence: "to receive a red hat" in the sense of "to be appointed by a cardinal"),
- ring,
- an umbrella covered with red or purple cloth,
- throne (in their own church),
- coat of arms.
A complete list of cardinals can be found in the annual "La ierarchia catolica e la famiglia pontificia" published in Rome, replacing the former "Notizie per l" anno ... ", called (by typography)" Cracas ".
Used materials
- Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron
- List of cardinals
- Complete Orthodox Bogosovsky Encyclopedic Dictionary. T. II. St. Petersburg: Publishing house of P.P. Soykin.
AT Roman Catholic Church after the pope.
The concept of "cardinal" arose in late antiquity, when Rome was divided into several parishes, each of which was assigned (incardinated) a special presbyter. Later, along with the cardinal presbyters, there appeared cardinal deacons, who headed the Roman deacons (originally they were in charge of charitable activities in the city), as well as cardinal bishops, bishops of seven suburban (suburbicarian) dioceses.
The title of cardinal acquired special significance in connection with the procedure for electing the pope. Until the 11th century, the cardinals, as representatives of the Roman clergy, participated in the election of popes along with the inhabitants of Rome. In 1059, Pope Nicholas II (1059-61) with the bull "In nomini Domini" left the right to elect popes only to the cardinal-bishops. In 1130, for the first time, all three ranks of cardinals participated in the elections, in 1179 they received the exclusive right to elect his successor after the death of the pope. From the 2nd half of the 12th century, the dignity of cardinal presbyter and cardinal deacon began to be assigned also to archbishops and bishops who lived outside Rome. However, each cardinal was necessarily included in the clergy of Rome. Thus, the cardinal dignity as an honorary title began to reflect only the position of the clergyman in the Roman clergy, and not his actual clergy. From the middle of the 13th century, cardinals received special purple vestments and cardinal hats.
It has been a tradition since 1389 that the new pope is chosen from among the cardinals, although this is not a strictly binding rule (see Conclave). In 1970, Pope Paul VI determined that upon reaching the age of 80, cardinals lose their right to vote in the conclave.
In 1586, Pope Sixtus V officially determined that the number of cardinals should not exceed 70 (6 cardinal bishops, 50 cardinal presbyters and 14 cardinal deacons). Each of the six cardinal-bishops heads one of the suburbical sees, while the cardinal-dean (head of the college of cardinals) is traditionally the cardinal-bishop of Ostia. Only a cardinal presbyter or, more rarely, a cardinal deacon can become a cardinal bishop. In 1965, the patriarchs of the Eastern Catholic Churches were equated to the rank of cardinal-bishops, if they are elevated to the rank of cardinal. In 1962, Pope John XXIII decreed that all cardinals should be elevated to episcopal dignity, but there are exceptions to this rule. In 1975, Pope Paul VI increased the number of cardinals by law to 120 at the expense of cardinal presbyters and cardinal deacons. cardinals are conditionally divided into two groups: curial cardinals serving in the Roman Curia (all cardinal bishops, most cardinal deacons and some cardinal presbyters), and cardinals heading large dioceses.
The elevation to the dignity of a cardinal is carried out by the pope at the consistory - a meeting of cardinals headed by the pope. The pope may appoint cardinals secretly (in pectore), but if the pope dies without announcing the name of the appointee, then this erection is considered to have failed. It is not uncommon for the pope to appoint persons who do not hold significant ecclesiastical office as cardinals, for example famous theologians. Cardinals are appointed for life, but in exceptional cases the pope can deprive this dignity (the last case took place in 1927).
Lit.: Martin V. Les cardinaux et la curie. R., 1930; Fürst C. G. Cardinalis: Prolegomena zu einer Rechtsgeschichte des römischen Kardinalskollegiums. Munch., 1967; Alberigo G. Cardinalato e collegialita. Firenze, 1969; Melloni A. Il conclave: storia di una istituzione. Bologna, 2001.
- "Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church"). In accordance with the 1983 Code of Canon Law, the functions of the cardinals include the election of the pope at the conclave and assistance in the leadership of the Roman Catholic Church, which they provide collegially, acting in advisory functions to the pope during consistories, and individually, heading departments and other permanent services of the Roman Curia and the city-state of the Vatican. Collectively, the cardinals make up the College of Cardinals (until 1983 - the Sacred College of Cardinals; despite the abolition of the epithet sacred, it is still sometimes called that), headed by the dean.
Ranks of cardinals
Historically, there have been three ranks of cardinals:
Title history
The history of cardinals dates back to the first century AD. e. - to the seven ancient deacons, chosen by the apostles and appointed to take care of poor Christians (Acts -6). Under the Bishop of Rome, for a long time, the tradition was preserved to elect seven privileged archdeacons, who soon concentrated enormous financial, administrative and even spiritual power in their hands, as they were directly subordinate to the pope. Moreover, the popes themselves often depended on their closest and most powerful subordinates - papal archdeacons - who began to be respectfully called cardinals. The papal archdeacons did not lose the title of cardinal even when they were promoted, ordained presbyters and, further, bishops. Over time, all cardinals began to be ordained bishops, but at the same time they receive a double (parallel) clergy. That is, those Catholic bishops who bear the title of cardinal, in whatever part of the world they head their dioceses, are necessarily assigned to one of the parish churches of the city of Rome as a simple priest or even a deacon.
Information about the cardinals
Foreigners (non-Italians) who received dignity cardinals, on the recommendation of Catholic governments and representing their sovereigns in papal elections, were called cardinals of the crown. The cardinals, together with the pope, form the Sacred College, of which the oldest cardinal-bishop is considered the dean. Forming a papal consistory, they assist him in the most important matters (causae majores). To manage a certain range of affairs, commissions are formed from the cardinals, called "congregations".
- Camerlengo Cardinal ( Camerlengo) - manages finances and from the death of one to the choice of another pope, he holds the position of guardian of the papal throne;
- cardinal vicar - deputy assistant to the pope in the diocese of Rome;
- cardinal vice-chancellor - chairman of the Roman chancellery;
- Cardinal Secretary of State - Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs,
- cardinal Secretary of State for Home Affairs,
- cardinal grand penitentiary,
- Cardinal Librarian of the Vatican Library, etc.
Vestments and privileges
The main external differences of the cardinal rank: a red robe, a red cap, a ring, an umbrella covered with red or purple matter, a throne (in their own church) and a coat of arms. A complete list of cardinals can be found in the annual Rome
cardinal
m. the highest rank of the Catholic clergy, except for the pope, who is elected from among the cardinals.
Tanagra bird. Cardinals, belonging to him; cardanal, characteristic of them. Cardinal piece, khlupik, tip of fried, boiled poultry rump, kuprik. Cardinality cf. the rank of cardinal.
Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. D.N. Ushakov
cardinal
cardinal, m. (Latin cardinalis - chief).
One of the 70 highest clerics of the Roman Catholic Church, appointed by the pope from bishops, priests and deacons, helping him in important matters and choosing from his midst a successor to the deceased pope (church.). San Cardinal. Cardinals wear a red hat and robe.
The name of the variety of red paint (special).
Name of a genus of American birds with red plumage (zool.).
Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova.
cardinal
For Catholics: the highest (after the pope) spiritual rank, as well as a person who has this rank.
unchangeable The same as crimson (according to the color of the cardinal's mantle). * Grey Cardinal- a person with great power, but not occupying a corresponding high position and remaining in the shadows [by the name of the monk - father Joseph, confidant, inspirer and participant in the intrigues of Cardinal Richelieu (mid-17th century)].
adj. cardinal, -th, -th (to 1 value).
cardinal
A, m. A small songbird of this family. bunting with bright red plumage in males, living in America.
New explanatory and derivational dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova.
cardinal
-
The highest (after the pope) clergy in the Catholic Church.
A person who has such dignity.
m. Songbird of the oatmeal family with bright red plumage in the male, living in America.
Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998
cardinal
CARDINAL (from Latin cardinalis - chief) in the hierarchy of the Catholic Church spiritual person, following after the pope, a step above the bishop. Cardinals are the closest advisers and assistants to the pope in the management of the church. Appointed by the Pope.
cardinal
bird of the oat family. Length approx. 20 The male is bright red. All in. America (USA, Mexico) and in the north Center. America.
cardinal
CARDINAL (false neon) is a fish of the carp family. Length up to 4 Along the body a golden stripe, the middle of the caudal fin is bright red. In fast flowing streams Yuzh. China. Aquarium fish.
Big Law Dictionary
cardinal
(from lat. cardinalis - chief) - in the hierarchy of the Catholic Church, a clergyman following the pope, a step above the bishop. K. - the closest advisers and assistants to the pope in the management of the church. Appointed by the Pope.
Cardinal
Cardinal- the highest spiritual person after the Pope catholic church belonging to any of the three degrees of priesthood. In Latin: Cardinalis sanctæ romanæ Ecclesiæ (Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church). In accordance with the 1983 Code of Canon Law, the functions of the cardinals include the election of the pope at the conclave and assistance in the leadership of the Roman Catholic Church, which they provide collegially, acting in an advisory capacity to the pope during consistories, and individually, heading departments and other permanent services of the Roman Curia and the city-state of the Vatican. Collectively, the cardinals make up the College of Cardinals (until 1983 - the Sacred College of Cardinals; despite the abolition of the epithet sacred, it is still sometimes called that), headed by the dean.
Cardinal (fish)
Cardinal- ray-finned fish of the carp family.
Cardinal (color)
Cardinal- a bright shade of red, so named because the cassocks of cardinals were dyed in it. Because of the coloring in this color, the name "cardinal" was given to a genus of birds.
Cardinal (grape)
Cardinal- American table grape variety.
Cardinal (Church of England)
Cardinal in the Church of England is a title held by two high-ranking members of the College of Minor Canons at St. Paul in London. They are known as senior and junior cardinals (Senior and Junior Cardinal). This term was used long before the English Reformation. In 1898, a complete, at that time, list of cardinals was published.
Examples of the use of the word cardinal in the literature.
But advisor Albedo doesn't date anyone but the Pope and cardinal Lurdzamisky.
Dad nodded sadly: - Now we will listen cardinal mustafa, cardinal du Noyer, Isozaki's director and Albedo's adviser, and that's it.
Your suitors, daughters of Amati, are the fingers of dukes and bankers, cardinals and margraves!
At the end of the meeting, in a hurry to return to Amiens, the king departed first, while Cardinal and both princes were delayed by some business for half an hour or a little longer.
In almost the same terms he wrote cardinals Aragon, Santicquattro, Ancona and Lavaglia.
Fiery barbs beat in transparent jars, cardinals, gourami, macropods, catfish, angelfish and cockerels.
Richelieu was groundlessly accused even of the murder of Father Joseph, who allegedly sought to become the successor cardinal.
Riesenkampf, Rajumsdal, cardinal Call, Wolf Claw, Possessed Gerla, abbot of the strays, Darkness, devils - all these are just vivid memories.
Julius appointed legate to Bologna cardinal Giovanni de Medici, wishing to keep Tuscany at gunpoint and quickly bring it under the authority of the Vatican.
Alexandra, Don Cesare, cardinal Valencia, and Don Giovanni, the standard-bearer of the Roman Church, hating each other to the point of Cain's fratricide because of unclean lust for their sister Lucrezia.
If so, Olivares probably forwarded the treaty through the French commander in Catalonia to de Breze, brother-in-law cardinal.
When Salviati and Buoninsegni wrote to him, one from Florence and the other from Rome, that the pope and cardinal discouraged by the fact that Michelangelo still did not start work on the facade, he concluded an agreement with Francesco and Bartolomeo from Torano for the extraction of fifty new wagons of marble, and the facade project made very little progress, determining only the size and shape of the blocks that were to be processed for him master masons.
And indeed: could France have been in this war otherwise, if at that time there lived cardinal, on whose orders two pendants from the Duke of Buckingham were once meanly cut off at a ball?
In the central pier stood cardinal and gazed searchingly at the newcomers with glazed eyes with eyelids sewn to the eyebrows.
