Means cardinal. The gray cardinal - who is this? What does the expression "gray cardinal" mean? Examples from history
The history of cardinals dates back to the first century AD. e. - to the seven ancient deacons, chosen by the apostles and appointed to take care of poor Christians (Acts -6). Under the Bishop of Rome, for a long time, the tradition was preserved to elect seven privileged archdeacons, who soon concentrated enormous financial, administrative and even spiritual power in their hands, as they were directly subordinate to the pope. Moreover, the popes themselves often depended on their closest and most powerful subordinates - papal archdeacons - who began to be respectfully called cardinals. The papal archdeacons did not lose the title of cardinal even when they were promoted, ordained presbyters and, further, bishops. Over time, all cardinals began to be ordained bishops, but at the same time they receive a double (parallel) clergy. That is, those Catholic bishops who bear the title of cardinal, in whatever part of the world they head their dioceses, are necessarily assigned to one of the parish churches of the city of Rome as a simple priest or even a deacon.
Information about the cardinals
Foreigners (non-Italians) who received dignity cardinals, on the recommendation of Catholic governments and representing their sovereigns in papal elections, were called cardinals of the crown. The cardinals, together with the pope, form the Sacred College, of which the oldest cardinal-bishop is considered the dean. Forming a papal consistory, they assist him in the most important matters (causae majores). To manage a certain range of affairs, commissions are formed from the cardinals, called "congregations".
- Camerlengo Cardinal ( Camerlengo) - manages finances and from the death of one to the choice of another, holds the position of guardian of the papal throne;
- cardinal vicar - deputy assistant to the pope in the diocese of Rome;
- cardinal vice-chancellor - chairman of the Roman chancellery;
- Cardinal Secretary of State - Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs,
- cardinal Secretary of State for Home Affairs,
- cardinal-supreme penitentiary,
- Cardinal Librarian of the Vatican Library, etc.
Vestments and privileges
The main external differences of the cardinal rank: a red robe, a red cap, a ring, an umbrella covered with red or purple matter, a throne (in their own church) and a coat of arms. A complete list of cardinals can be found in the annual Rome La Gerarchia Cattolica e la Famiglia Pontificia».
see also
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Notes
Literature
- // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
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An excerpt characterizing the Cardinal
- And how do they guess in the barn? Sonya asked.- Yes, at least now, they will go to the barn, and they will listen. What do you hear: hammering, knocking - bad, but pouring bread - this is good; and then it happens...
- Mom, tell me what happened to you in the barn?
Pelageya Danilovna smiled.
“Yes, I forgot…” she said. “After all, you won’t go, will you?”
- No, I'll go; Pepageya Danilovna, let me go, I'll go, - said Sonya.
- Well, if you're not afraid.
- Louise Ivanovna, can I have one? Sonya asked.
Whether they played a ring, a rope or a ruble, whether they talked, as now, Nikolai did not leave Sonya and looked at her with completely new eyes. It seemed to him that today only for the first time, thanks to that cork mustache, he fully recognized her. Sonya really was cheerful that evening, lively and good, such as Nikolay had never seen her before.
“So that’s what she is, but I’m a fool!” he thought, looking at her sparkling eyes and a happy, enthusiastic smile, dimpled from under her moustache, which he had not seen before.
"I'm not afraid of anything," said Sonya. - Can I do it now? She got up. Sonya was told where the barn was, how she could stand silently and listen, and they gave her a fur coat. She threw it over her head and looked at Nikolai.
"What a beauty this girl is!" he thought. “And what have I been thinking about until now!”
Sonya went out into the corridor to go to the barn. Nikolai hurriedly went to the front porch, saying that he was hot. Indeed, the house was stuffy from the crowded people.
It was the same unmoving cold outside, the same month, only it was even lighter. The light was so strong and there were so many stars in the snow that I didn’t want to look at the sky, and real stars were invisible. It was black and dull in the sky, it was fun on the ground.
"I'm a fool, a fool! What have you been waiting for until now? Nikolay thought, and, running away to the porch, he walked around the corner of the house along the path that led to the back porch. He knew that Sonya would go here. In the middle of the road stood stacked fathoms of firewood, there was snow on them, a shadow fell from them; through them and from their side, intertwining, the shadows of old bare lindens fell on the snow and the path. The path led to the barn. The chopped wall of the barn and the roof, covered with snow, as if carved from some kind of precious stone, gleamed in the moonlight. A tree cracked in the garden, and again everything was completely quiet. The chest, it seemed, was breathing not air, but some kind of eternally young strength and joy.
From the girl's porch, feet pounded on the steps, a loud creak creaked on the last one, on which snow had been applied, and a voice old girl said:
“Straight, straight, here on the path, young lady. Just don't look back.
“I’m not afraid,” Sonya’s voice answered, and along the path, in the direction of Nikolai, Sonya’s legs screeched, whistled in thin shoes.
Sonya walked wrapped in a fur coat. She was already two steps away when she saw him; she saw him, too, not in the same way as she knew and of whom she had always been a little afraid. He was in a woman's dress with tangled hair and a happy and new smile for Sonya. Sonya quickly ran up to him.
"Quite different, and still the same," Nikolai thought, looking at her face, all illuminated by moonlight. He put his hands under the fur coat that covered her head, hugged her, pressed her to him and kissed her lips, over which there were mustaches and which smelled of burnt cork. Sonya kissed him right in the middle of her lips and, holding out her small hands, took his cheeks on both sides.
“Sonya!… Nicolas!…” they only said. They ran to the barn and returned each from their own porch.
When everyone drove back from Pelageya Danilovna, Natasha, who always saw and noticed everything, arranged accommodation in such a way that Louise Ivanovna and she sat in the sleigh with Dimmler, and Sonya sat with Nikolai and the girls.
Nikolay, no longer distilling, was steadily driving back, and still peering into this strange, moonlight at Sonya, in this ever-changing light, from under the eyebrows and mustaches, his former and present Sonya, with whom he decided to never to be separated. He peered, and when he recognized the same and the other and remembered, hearing this smell of cork, mixed with the feeling of a kiss, he inhaled the frosty air with full breasts and, looking at the leaving earth and the brilliant sky, he felt again in a magical kingdom.
Sonya, are you okay? he occasionally asked.
“Yes,” answered Sonya. - And you?
In the middle of the road, Nikolai let the coachman hold the horses, ran up to Natasha's sleigh for a minute and stood to the side.
“Natasha,” he said to her in a whisper in French, “you know, I made up my mind about Sonya.
- Did you tell her? Natasha asked, all of a sudden beaming with joy.
- Oh, how strange you are with those mustaches and eyebrows, Natasha! Are you happy?
- I'm so glad, so glad! I've been angry with you. I didn't tell you, but you did bad things to her. It's such a heart, Nicolas. I am so glad! I can be ugly, but I was ashamed to be alone happy without Sonya, Natasha continued. - Now I'm so glad, well, run to her.
- No, wait, oh, how funny you are! - said Nikolai, still peering into her, and in his sister, too, finding something new, unusual and charmingly tender, which he had not seen in her before. - Natasha, something magical. BUT?
“Yes,” she answered, “you did well.
“If I had seen her the way she is now,” Nikolai thought, “I would have asked a long time ago what to do and would have done whatever she ordered, and everything would have been fine.”
“So you’re happy, and I did well?”
– Oh, so good! I recently got into a fight with my mom about this. Mom said she's catching you. How can this be said? I almost got into a fight with my mom. And I will never allow anyone to say or think anything bad about her, because there is only good in her.
- So good? - said Nikolai, once again looking out for the expression on his sister's face to find out if this was true, and, hiding with his boots, he jumped off the allotment and ran to his sleigh. The same happy, smiling Circassian, with a mustache and sparkling eyes, looking out from under a sable bonnet, was sitting there, and this Circassian was Sonya, and this Sonya was probably his future, happy and loving wife.
Arriving home and telling their mother about how they spent time with the Melyukovs, the young ladies went to their place. Having undressed, but not erasing the cork mustache, they sat for a long time, talking about their happiness. They talked about how they would live married, how their husbands would be friendly and how happy they would be.
On Natasha's table there were mirrors prepared by Dunyasha since the evening. – When will all this be? I'm afraid never... That would be too good! - said Natasha, getting up and going to the mirrors.
“Sit down, Natasha, maybe you will see him,” said Sonya. Natasha lit the candles and sat down. “I see someone with a mustache,” said Natasha, who saw her own face.
“Don’t laugh, young lady,” said Dunyasha.
With the help of Sonya and the maid, Natasha found a position for the mirror; her face took on a serious expression, and she fell silent. For a long time she sat, looking at the row of departing candles in the mirrors, assuming (considering the stories she had heard) that she would see the coffin, that she would see him, Prince Andrei, in this last, merging, vague square. But no matter how ready she was to take the slightest spot for the image of a person or a coffin, she did not see anything. She blinked rapidly and moved away from the mirror.
“Why do others see, but I don’t see anything?” - she said. - Well, sit down, Sonya; now you definitely need it, ”she said. - Only for me ... I'm so scared today!
Sonya sat down at the mirror, arranged the situation, and began to look.
“They will certainly see Sofya Alexandrovna,” Dunyasha said in a whisper; - and you're laughing.
Sonya heard these words, and heard Natasha say in a whisper:
“And I know what she will see; she saw last year.
For three minutes everyone was silent. "Definitely!" Natasha whispered and did not finish ... Suddenly Sonya pushed aside the mirror that she was holding and covered her eyes with her hand.
- Oh, Natasha! - she said.
- Did you see it? Did you see? What did you see? cried Natasha, holding up the mirror.
Sonya didn’t see anything, she just wanted to blink her eyes and get up when she heard Natasha’s voice saying “by all means” ... She didn’t want to deceive either Dunyasha or Natasha, and it was hard to sit. She herself did not know how and why a cry escaped her when she covered her eyes with her hand.
- Did you see him? Natasha asked, grabbing her hand.
- Yes. Wait ... I ... saw him, ”Sonya said involuntarily, still not knowing who Natasha meant by his word: him - Nikolai or him - Andrei.
“But why shouldn’t I tell you what I saw? Because others see it! And who can convict me of what I saw or did not see? flashed through Sonya's head.
“Yes, I saw him,” she said.
- How? How? Is it worth it or is it lying?
- No, I saw ... That was nothing, suddenly I see that he is lying.
- Andrey lies? He is sick? - Natasha asked with frightened fixed eyes looking at her friend.
- No, on the contrary - on the contrary, a cheerful face, and he turned to me - and at the moment she spoke, it seemed to her that she saw what she was saying.
- Well, then, Sonya? ...
- Here I did not consider something blue and red ...
– Sonya! when will he return? When I see him! My God, how I’m afraid for him and for myself, and I’m scared for everything ... - Natasha spoke, and without answering a word to Sonya’s consolations, she lay down in bed and long after the candle was put out, with her eyes open, lay motionless on bed and looked at the frosty, moonlight through the frozen windows.
Soon after Christmas, Nikolai announced to his mother his love for Sonya and his firm decision to marry her. The countess, who had long noticed what was happening between Sonya and Nikolai, and was expecting this explanation, silently listened to his words and told her son that he could marry whomever he wanted; but that neither she nor his father would give him blessings for such a marriage. For the first time, Nikolai felt that his mother was unhappy with him, that despite all her love for him, she would not give in to him. She, coldly and without looking at her son, sent for her husband; and when he arrived, the countess wanted to briefly and coldly tell him what was the matter in the presence of Nikolai, but she could not stand it: she burst into tears of annoyance and left the room. The old count began to hesitantly admonish Nicholas and ask him to abandon his intention. Nicholas replied that he could not change his word, and his father, sighing and obviously embarrassed, very soon interrupted his speech and went to the countess. In all clashes with his son, the count did not leave the consciousness of his guilt before him for the disorder of affairs, and therefore he could not be angry with his son for refusing to marry a rich bride and for choosing a dowry Sonya - only on this occasion did he more vividly recall that, if things had not been upset, it would be impossible for Nicholas to wish for a better wife than Sonya; and that only he, with his Mitenka and his irresistible habits, is to blame for the disorder of affairs.
Above all archbishops and bishops.
Notable offices of papal government are held by cardinals. These are:
- Cardinal Camerlengo (Camerlengo) - in charge of finances and from the death of one to the choice of another pope, he holds the position of guardian of the papal throne;
- cardinal vicar - deputy pope in the diocese of Rome;
- cardinal vice-chancellor - chairman of the Roman chancellery;
- Cardinal Secretary of State (Minister of Foreign Affairs)
- Cardinal Secretary of State for Home Affairs
- cardinal grand penitentiary,
- Cardinal Librarian of the Vatican Library and others (see Papal Curia).
The main external differences of the cardinal dignity:
- red mantle,
- red Riding Hood,
- red (during mourning and fasting - purple) hat with two silk cords and tassels at the ends, which is obtained in Rome from the hands of the pope (hence: "to receive a red hat" in the sense of "to be appointed by a cardinal"),
- ring,
- an umbrella covered with red or purple cloth,
- throne (in their own church),
- coat of arms.
A complete list of cardinals can be found in the annual "La ierarchia catolica e la famiglia pontificia" published in Rome, replacing the former "Notizie per l" anno ... ", called (by typography)" Cracas ".
Used materials
- Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron
- List of cardinals
- Complete Orthodox Bogosovsky Encyclopedic Dictionary. T. II. St. Petersburg: Publishing house of P.P. Soykin.
AT Roman Catholic Church after the pope.
The concept of "cardinal" arose in late antiquity, when Rome was divided into several parishes, each of which was assigned (incardinated) a special presbyter. Later, along with the cardinal presbyters, there appeared cardinal deacons, who headed the Roman deacons (originally they were in charge of charitable activities in the city), as well as cardinal bishops, bishops of seven suburban (suburbicarian) dioceses.
The title of cardinal acquired special significance in connection with the procedure for electing the pope. Until the 11th century, the cardinals, as representatives of the Roman clergy, participated in the election of popes along with the inhabitants of Rome. In 1059, Pope Nicholas II (1059-61) with the bull "In nomini Domini" left the right to elect popes only to the cardinal-bishops. In 1130, for the first time, all three ranks of cardinals participated in the elections, in 1179 they received the exclusive right to elect his successor after the death of the pope. From the 2nd half of the 12th century, the dignity of cardinal presbyter and cardinal deacon began to be assigned also to archbishops and bishops who lived outside Rome. However, each cardinal was necessarily included in the clergy of Rome. Thus, the cardinal dignity as an honorary title began to reflect only the position of the clergyman in the Roman clergy, and not his actual clergy. From the middle of the 13th century, cardinals received special purple vestments and cardinal hats.
It has been a tradition since 1389 that the new pope is chosen from among the cardinals, although this is not a strictly binding rule (see Conclave). In 1970, Pope Paul VI determined that upon reaching the age of 80, cardinals lose their right to vote in the conclave.
In 1586, Pope Sixtus V officially determined that the number of cardinals should not exceed 70 (6 cardinal bishops, 50 cardinal presbyters and 14 cardinal deacons). Each of the six cardinal-bishops heads one of the suburbical sees, while the cardinal-dean (head of the college of cardinals) is traditionally the cardinal-bishop of Ostia. Only a cardinal presbyter or, more rarely, a cardinal deacon can become a cardinal bishop. In 1965, the patriarchs of the Eastern Catholic Churches were equated to the rank of cardinal-bishops, if they are elevated to the rank of cardinal. In 1962, Pope John XXIII decreed that all cardinals should be elevated to episcopal dignity, but there are exceptions to this rule. In 1975, Pope Paul VI increased the number of cardinals by law to 120 at the expense of cardinal presbyters and cardinal deacons. cardinals are conditionally divided into two groups: curial cardinals serving in the Roman Curia (all cardinal bishops, most cardinal deacons and some cardinal presbyters), and cardinals heading large dioceses.
The elevation to the dignity of a cardinal is carried out by the pope at the consistory - a meeting of cardinals headed by the pope. The pope may appoint cardinals secretly (in pectore), but if the pope dies without announcing the name of the appointee, then this erection is considered to have failed. It is not uncommon for the pope to appoint persons who do not hold significant ecclesiastical office as cardinals, for example famous theologians. Cardinals are appointed for life, but in exceptional cases the pope can deprive this dignity (the last case took place in 1927).
Lit.: Martin V. Les cardinaux et la curie. R., 1930; Fürst C. G. Cardinalis: Prolegomena zu einer Rechtsgeschichte des römischen Kardinalskollegiums. Munch., 1967; Alberigo G. Cardinalato e collegialita. Firenze, 1969; Melloni A. Il conclave: storia di una istituzione. Bologna, 2001.
The phrase "gray cardinal" is a mystery to many people who have not met this term. What does it mean? A high-class Catholic clergyman wearing all grey? But the "princes of the church" wear red vestments... So, the literal interpretation of the term is unacceptable here. So who is this then?
Understand this issue, find out the meaning of these words and get acquainted with specific examples from world history and Everyday life this article will help the reader.
How did the expression
The phrase has its roots in medieval France, in those days when religion and politics were still relatives, and not half-sisters. One of the most famous French characters of the 17th century is Armand Jean du Plessis, better known as Cardinal Richelieu. According to historians, this figure actually directed the foreign and domestic policy of the French crown and had a tremendous influence on the king. For the scarlet colors of the vestments assigned to a clergyman of his rank, one of Richelieu's nicknames was the "Red Cardinal".
But very few people know who guided Richelieu himself. This person is known under the name Francois Leclerc du Tremblay. This is a man of noble blood who chose for himself the path of a monk of the Capuchin order, forever dressed in a gray cassock and taking the monastic name Father Joseph. It was he who led the “Richelieu Office”, an organization that kept the whole of France in fear. It was this man who carried out the most subtle and dark assignments for his patron, while caring about the final result, and not about the ways to achieve it. Father Joseph is the "gray cardinal", or "gray reverend." So he was called for the color of the Capuchin attire and his outstanding ability to conduct a political process without attracting attention to himself. The paradox lies in the fact that du Tremblay became a real cardinal of the Catholic Church only in the year of his death.
"Gray Cardinal" in the paintings of artists
The painting by the French artist Jean-Leon Gerome depicts Father Joseph in modest grays calmly descending the stairs of the palace and immersed in reading. The reaction of the courtiers to his presence is amazing. Absolutely everyone, even the wealthiest people, bowed their heads in unison before the monk and tore off their hats. The monk did not honor the people bowing before him even with a fleeting glance, not paying any attention to their respect. So great was the importance of the "gray eminence" at the French court.
Another canvas depicting Father Joseph is by Charles Delo and is called Richelieu and his Cats. In addition to the red cardinal and his favorites, in a dark corner, at a table littered with papers, one can distinguish a man in a gray robe with a surprisingly concentrated and intelligent face. This is how the artist depicted the “gray cardinal”.
What does "gray cardinal" mean?
Many years have passed since the life of Father Joseph, but this expression has gained such popularity that it is still used today. The business suit has replaced the sutan, religion has ceased to play one of the main roles in politics, but the "gray cardinals" still exist.
Who is called the "gray cardinal"? This is an influential person of a greater mind, as a rule, from the category of high-ranking politicians. "Eminence Gray" is a strategist who prefers to solve his problems not directly, but through the hands of other people, while remaining in the shadows, not going on stage. This is a master puppeteer, skillfully pulling the strings of his puppets, forcing them to do their will.
"Eminence Gray" is a person who masterfully owns a number of skills, such as compromising evidence, PR, black PR, brute force through third parties, financial impact, and so on.
Examples from history
"Eminence grise" is an expression widely used in the period of the new and recent history. Let's look at a few examples.
Adolf Frederick Munch, an 18th-century Swedish politician, enjoyed the unconditional confidence of King Gustav III. On his smart advice, the Swedish monarch, in the confrontation with the Russian Empire, launched the production of fake Russian coins of high quality. The economic advantage allowed the Swedes to start military operations, which at that time brought a positive result.
Who was called the "grey eminence" in China? Shoemaker Li Lianying's son. But how did a simple poor man manage to become a “grey eminence”? Hearing that eunuchs, castrated men, enjoyed the greatest influence at the court of the emperor, the young man performed the operation himself. In the service of the emperor, a young servant colluded with one of his rejected concubines, eventually making her his beloved wife and the last empress of China.
Joseph Fouche, French police minister at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries, was a classic "gray eminence". Collecting compromising evidence on every significant figure, Fouche achieved enormous influence, while remaining in the shadows. The unique ability of this man was the ability to change patrons with such ease and naturalness, as some people take off and put on gloves. Five times he managed to survive the transfer of power from the royalists to Napoleon and all five times to remain in his high position, and, moreover, one of the favorites of the ruler.
"Grey cardinals" of the Kremlin
In the recent history of Russia, there are also figures who have received such a nickname. So, who were called the "gray cardinals" of the Kremlin?
In the first years of the third millennium, such a nickname was attached to Alexander Stalyevich Voloshin, who led the Administration of the President of Russia. In the picture taken on December 31, 1999, Voloshin is symbolically depicted behind the backs of two leaders - Boris Yeltsin and Vladimir Putin.
In the second decade of the 21st century, Vladislav Surkov began to be called such an expression. The “grey eminence” of the Kremlin, holding the position of assistant to the President, plays a crucial role in the political processes of the country. Extensive experience in media mass media and in the field of public relations allows this person to subtly feel the conjuncture of people's mood and skillfully manage it.
Expression in music and films
In the album of the domestic rock group "Prince" there is a song with the same name. The first quatrain perfectly reveals the whole essence of the “shadow ruler”.
Secret power is the business of the smart,
And in any game you need to be able to
Get to the point, quietly and silently,
Subjugate and take over.
In the cult TV series The X-Files, not one person acts as a “shadow power”, but a whole secret government, the existence of which is unknown to ordinary people.
And board games
There are several board games that use the expression "grey eminence". For example, in the game of the same name from Russian authors Alexander Nevsky and Oleg Sidorenko, the player will have to feel himself in this difficult role. In a card game, you need to draw cards of the inhabitants of the palace from the deck: a jester, a general, a seer, a bard, an alchemist, a murderer, a judge, a king and a queen. With their help, it is necessary to gain political influence at the court. The winner of the game is the one who, at the end of the game, has the greatest "weight".
Another mention is found in another board game - Runebound. One of the skills in this game is called "Eminence Gray" and allows you to remove any enemy combat token, significantly weakening it with this action.
in Latin chief) - in the hierarchy of the Catholic Church spiritual person, following after the Pope, a step above the bishop. Appointed by the pope, being his closest advisers and assistants.
Great Definition
Incomplete definition ↓
Cardinal
lat. cardinalis - main, main) - the most significant title in the Catholic Church after the Pope. In accordance with the CCP 1983, the functions of the C. include the election of the Pope at the conclave and assistance to him in the leadership universal church, which they provide collectively, performing advisory functions under the Pope during consistories, and individually, heading departments and other permanent services of the Roman Curia and the state of the City of Vatican City. Together, the cardinals constitute the College of Cardinals, headed by the cardinal dean.
The position of K. belongs to the field of church, and not divine law. The title cardinalis was originally applied to the churches and deacons of Rome. Later, in the 4th century, he moved on to ch. servants of the so-called. titular churches of Rome and its chapter. suburban dioceses: the term presbyteri e diaconi cardinales occurs, according to Pope Zacharias, even during the pontificate of Pope Sylvester I. The Pope relied on the help of presbyters in managing his diocese, as well as 7 deacons who were engaged in current churches. affairs and charity (in the 1st half of the 3rd century, Pope Fabian divided Rome into 7 districts, appointing a deacon for each of them). Starting from the 5th c. The bishops of 7 dioceses in the suburbs of Rome introduced the practice of a weekly Mass in the papal Lateran Basilica. Rectors 25 (later 28) Rom. titular churches were also charged with the duty, in addition to worship in their temples, to hold weekly masses in other great Rome. basilicas - Santa Maria Maggiore, St. Peter, St. Paul (San Paolo fuori le Mura) and St. Lawrence, to which they were thus assigned. Bishops of 7 suburban churches received the name K. in the 8th century, and the abbots of Rome. titular churches - from con. 10th century
Since the time of the Gregorian Reform, K. have become direct assistants to the Pope in the management of the Church. Since then, 7 so-called. palatine and 12 district deacons (at that time Rome was divided into 12 adm. districts) were also included in the number of bishops. In 1059, Pope Nicholas II, by decree In nomine Domini, made the bishops of Rome the only electors of the popes. Under Pope Urban II, a three-tiered structure of the Collegia K. began to take shape, which finally took shape in 1150, when Pope Eugene III appointed a K. dean (Bishop of Ostia) and a cameraman to manage the church. property. Pope Sixtus V in const. Postquam verus of December 3, 1586 legally fixed the division of the Collegium of K. into 3 ranks.
Since 1163, the popes began to elevate to the cardinal dignity also prelates living outside Rome: Pope Alexander III allowed the archbishop. Mainz Konrad of Wittelsbach to return to the chair after his appointment to K., and for registration to Rome. The clergy appointed him a priest of one of the titular churches of the city. This custom is preserved to this day: each K. (except K.-bishops) has the title of presbyter or deacon of one of the Romans. titular churches or deacons.
Pope Paul VI in 1965 introduced some patriarchs of Vost. Catholic Churches, retaining for them the title of their patriarchal sees (motu proprio dated February 11, 1965 Ad Purpuratorum Patrum).
Thus, in accordance with East. By tradition, the College of C. is divided into 3 ranks (CIC 350): 1) the rank of C.-bishops, to which C. belong, whom the Pope awarded the title of one of the 6 dioceses of the suburbs of Rome (Albano, Frascati, Palestrina, Porto and Santa Rufina, Sabina and Poggio Mirteto, Velletri and Segni), and the Patriarchs of the Catholic Churches east. rites elevated to the dignity of K. K.-bishop of Ostia is K.-dean, who also retains the title of the church, which he had before being elected dean; 2) the rank of K.-presbyters, who were awarded the title of one of the oldest Rome. churches; like the bishops, they do not have the power of government in their titular church, but they provide support and assistance to it (this restriction, introduced by Pope Innocent XII in 1692, is confirmed in can. 357 § 1); 3) the rank of K.-deacons, awarded the title of one of the deacons of Rome.
AT this case the names "bishop", "presbyter" and "deacon" should not be understood as a priest. dignity, but as terms that appeared in certain ist. conditions. According to the motu proprio of Pope John XXIII ***** gravissima of 15/04/1962 and from Can. 351 § 1 of the CCP, a priest elevated by the Pope to the dignity of K. must be consecrated as a bishop (although exceptions to this rule are possible).
The assignment of K. to one or another rank and the possibility of moving from one to another are regulated by the provisions of the canon. rights (CIC 350 § 5-6). At the time of appointment, each K. is assigned to the rank of either presbyters or deacons. K.-deacons 10 years after the pronouncement of the decree on appointment can move to the rank of presbyters (if they have a free title); preference is given to those who were appointed before other applicants. The transition to the rank of bishops from the rank of presbyters occurs in accordance with seniority.
C. are freely chosen by the Pope from among bishops and priests distinguished by learning, piety and prudence (CIC 351 § 1).
Elevation to the dignity of K. is carried out by a papal decree (announced at an ordinary consistory), in which the new K. complains about the title of church or diakonia. At the K. consistory, a cardinal biretta and a cardinal ring are presented as a sign of special dignity and connection with the cathedra of St. Peter. K. wear scarlet robes, symbolizing their readiness to shed blood for the Church. In special cases (as a rule, for political reasons), the Pope announces the appointment of K., but does not name him (nomen in pectore sibi reservans): the appointed in pectore receives the duties and rights of K. only from the moment of the official. proclamations (CIC 351 § 3).
Churches have liturgical and other privileges, incl. privilegium canonis and privilegium fori, according to which the church. in legal proceedings they are subject only to the Pope (CIC 1405 § 1, n. 2). K. have the authority to receive confession in all countries of the world without restrictions (CIC 967 § 1), and are also exempt from the jurisdiction of local bishops in matters relating to them personally (CIC 357 § 2).
The functions performed by K. can be ordinary (during the pontificate) and extraordinary (when the Holy See is vacant).
K., holding a permanent position in Rome. curia and who are not eparchs. bishops (curial K.), must reside in Rome. In accordance with Art. 21 of the Lateran Accords, they receive the citizenship of the Vatican.
After the death of the ruling Pontiff, all K., heading departments of Rome. curia, incl. state secretary and prefects Rome. congregations lose their position (art. 6 of the Pastor Bonus of 06/28/1988). The exceptions are the Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church and the Senior Penitentiary, who continue to perform their duties. Gene. Vicar of the Pope for the Diocese of Rome, Archpriest of St. Peter's Basilica and Gen. the vicar of the Pope for the Vatican City also does not cease to exercise their powers (const. Pope John Paul II Universi dominici gregis, 1996).
Upon reaching the age of 75, K. receive an offer to resign from their positions (CIC 354).
Until con. 19th century secular authorities had the opportunity to influence the appointment of K. (the beginning of this tradition was laid by the first "Avignon" Pope (Avignon captivity of the popes) Clement V); over time, the popes recognized for the emperor St. Rome. empire, the kings of Spain, France, Portugal and Poland, as well as the Doge of Venice, the right to recommend the appointment of the so-called. K. crown (cardinales coronae). However, in fact, it was rather an honorary title, since its holders preferred to remain at the court of their ruler.
Palatines were called K., who, by virtue of their position, had to be always at the disposal of the Pope, therefore they lived in Apost. palace. They were first mentioned in 735, when Pope Gregory III added 4 more to the 14 district deacons, called cardinales Palatini, whose duties included helping the Pope during services in the Lateran and Vatican basilicas. Over time, they have become the closest collaborators of the Papal Court. The newly elected Pontifex confirmed them in office or appointed new ones. To the beginning 20th century there were two palatine K. - chief Apost. offices and government secretary. Pope Paul VI, in his motu proprio Pontificalis domus (03/28/1968), abolished the position of head of the office.
Until recently, there was also the position of K.-Protector of K.-L. monastic orders or congregations that were not under his jurisdiction, but received his support and patronage. The beginning of this tradition was laid by Francis of Assisi, who recommended that his successors each time turn to the Pope with a request to appoint one of the K. patron of the Franciscan Order. In 1964, the State Secretariat stopped the practice of appointing K. protectors for monastics. orders and congregations. In present At the time, the protectors supported the educational and educational institutions of the Church - the Pontifical Church Academy, the Roman Theological Academy, the Marian Academy, the Roman Archaeological Academy, etc.
Literature: Yurkovich, 60-63; Morgan T.B. Speaking of Cardinals. N.Y., 1946; EC 3, 779-784; Del Re N. // Mondo Vaticano. Va., 1995, p. 225-234; NDDC, 127-128; Brunori P. La Chiesa Cattolica: Fondamenti, persone, istituzioni. Mi., 1999, p. 32-33; CIC 349-359.
Great Definition
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