Church of Catherine on the vspole. Church of Catherine the Great Martyr, which is outside
Church of Catherine the Great Martyr on Vspolya
B. Ordynka, 60/2, corner of Ekaterininsky, now Pogorelsky lane, 2, corner of M. Ekaterininsky, now Shchetininsky lane.
"Here in the 16th century, Tsarina Anastasia Romanovna set up a bleaching settlement, which was in connection with the Kadashevsky Khamovny yard. The church in the name of the martyr Catherine, to whom they pray for the relief of childbirth and the protection of children, was first built, probably during the reign of Tsarina Irina Feodorovna. The wooden one is known from 1612. In 1657 it was shown already made of stone. The chapel of St. Nicholas has been listed since 1636. The renovation was in 1696 - an antimension was issued. In 1764, Betsky announced to the diocesan authorities that it was planned to build a new The church was founded on May 25, 1766 and consecrated on September 28, 1767 by the architect K. I. Blank. royal doors weighing 8 pounds, built by the neighboring homeowner Blokhin. A beautiful fence with a lattice is simultaneous with the temple. In the 1870s a second church was added from the west and a bell tower was placed between both; architect Chichagov stylized new temple under the old November 21, 1872 consecrated high altar Savior Not Made by Hands, on November 24, the chapel of St. Nicholas, December 10 Alexander Nevsky. The new church was built, apparently, on the site of the old Nikolsky chapel.
"Fence with two gates of the 18th century". "The lattice of the ancient church - until 1742 it adorned the Kremlin, then it was stored without use until it was decided to move it here" - here Fedosyuk quotes, without making references, the dissertation of A. E. Gorpienko "Artistic metal in Russian architecture of the 18th-19th centuries ." (M., 1972).
"The temple was renovated in 1877".
"Two neighboring lanes recently bore the same name - Ekaterininsky, differing only in that one of them was Bolshoi and the other Small. They were called after the Church of Catherine," which is on Vspolye ", standing at the corner of these lanes and Bolshaya Ordynka. According to legend, originally the church was built on the site of the battle of Russian troops with the Polish-Lithuanian interventionists.After the defeat at Klimentovsky prison, Hetman Khotkevich transferred his troops here, dug a ditch, built a fortification, inside which he placed a large convoy.In the afternoon of August 24, 1612, near the camp a fierce battle unfolded against the enemy troops - "... the battle was great and terrible," writes an eyewitness. ended with the defeat of the troops of the interventionists - from Moscow they "were shameful for the sake of their own, they went straight to Lithuania."
The composition of the building of the Catherine's Church is unusual - it consists of three separate structures, placed in one line from east to west. In the center there is a bell tower (now it is almost invisible, since its two upper tiers were dismantled in 1931), to the east of it is a summer church built in 1766-1768. at the expense of Catherine II, in commemoration of her accession, and from the west - a warm (winter) church built in 1872. The fence around the church, forged in 1730-1731, stood in the Kremlin between the Archangel Cathedral and the Patriarchal Court and was moved here in late 1760s Its lattice is a rare example of applied art in Moscow in the first half of the 18th century.
In these places in the XVII century. there was a small Ekaterininskaya settlement, where whitewashers of fabrics for palace use lived.
In 1922, both Yekaterininsky lanes were renamed: Bolshaya Yekaterininsky lane into Pogorelsky lane, because then it was believed that it was called that in the 18th century, and Maly - into Shchetininsky, after the name of one of the homeowners. However, on the plans of the XVIII century. It was Maly, and not Bolshoi Ekaterininsky Lane, which ran in a broken line behind the church, was called Pogorelsky.
"On April 6, 1922, 11 pounds 33 pounds 72 spools of gold and silver items were seized in the temple."
Patriarch Tikhon always served Vespers and Liturgy on St. Catherine (November 24, old style) in this temple.
The church was closed in 1931. At the closing, only the icon of the military center was allowed to be taken. Catherine - she was transferred to the neighboring Church of the Resurrection in Monetchiki (now destroyed - P.P.). When the Church of the Resurrection was closed, the icon was already transferred to the Church of Flora and Laurus on Zatsepe (now closed, see the part "The City Within the Borders of 1917" - P.P.). At the closing of this latter, nothing was taken (N.I. Yakusheva). The bell tower was destroyed to the first tier; in the summer temple they arranged housing, in the winter - an office.
In 1969, the Central Design Bureau of Instrument Engineering - PPM was located in the church. The windows were scattered (M. L. Bogoyavlensky).
In the 1970s a slow restoration of the church began. At the same time, murals were "discovered" in the dome (actually well known before closing). early XIX in. Levitsky school. By 1983, the summer church was finally finished on the outside, and a dome with a gilded cross was installed. The rest has not yet been renovated. In the winter church in 1980 the "Research Institute for Standardization of Instruments of the Ministry of Instrumentation, Automation and Control Systems" was located. Most of the building is still occupied by the All-Union Artistic Research and Restoration Center. Grabar, who is leading the restoration. By 1983, the beautiful fence was also restored, with the exception of the part along Shchetininsky Lane, behind the church.
"The Church of St. Catherine 1763-1767 with a chapel of the Savior of the 1860s, a fence of the 18th century with two gates and a fence of the 19th century (fence of the 18th century along B. Ordynka and Pogorelsky lane; fence of the 19th century - on Shchetininsky Lane) stands under state protection under No. 34 ".
In 1990, the entire temple belonged to the VKhNRTS them. Grabar: in the winter church, still without a cross - workshops of restorers; in the summer one, after the repair, which cost six hundred thousand, the floors rotted again - and a new patch was started. There are many fragments of paintings from different times on its walls.
In 1992 the temple was reopened.
Description:Story
In the XVI century. in the bleaching settlement, arranged by Tsarina Anastasia Romanovna, the first wife of Ivan the Terrible, was set wooden church in honor of St. vmts. Catherine.
Since 1625, the chapel of St. Theodore the Studite, since 1636 - the chapel of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker. In 1657, the church was listed as a stone church in the documents. In 1696 the temple was renovated. In 1762, Catherine II came to Moscow for the coronation; after the coronation, the Empress stayed in Moscow for a whole year. It is believed that the empress herself wished to rebuild the temple in honor of her saint; she ordered the project to the architect K.I. Blank. The baroque church was built in 1766-75. through public funds. Temple icon of St. vmts. Catherine was adorned with a precious riza donated by the Empress with the royal monogram.
All icons in the iconostasis were painted by D.G. Levitsky together with V.I. Vasilevsky.
During construction, the old refectory was preserved. Feodorovsky aisle was dismantled, Nikolsky aisle in the refectory was preserved and functioned as a winter temple for a long time. Both temples - old and new - were connected in the middle by a two-tier bell tower, the lower tier of which served as a vestibule of the main, summer Catherine's temple. Thus, K.I. Blank revived the composition, traditional for Russian architecture, of two churches - summer and winter - with a bell tower between them.
In 1769, a fence was installed, for which gratings were used, made in 1731 for the Cathedral Square in the Kremlin.
In the 1820s F.M. Shestakov, repairing the buildings of churches after the fire of 1812, put a one-story stone building (the gatehouse or a candle shop) on the corner. On the western side, a fence was built, made in the form of an old fence. In 1870-72. according to the project of P.P. Petrov (the author of the project is also called D.N. Chichagov), the winter temple was completely rebuilt. The new building with the main altar of the Savior Not Made by Hands housed the chapels of St. Nicholas and blgv. book. Alexander Nevsky. The corner gatehouse, which replaced the Shestakov building, was decorated with arched niches of various sizes.
In 1920-24. served in the church on the patronal feast.
In 1931 the church was closed. Temple icon St. vmts. Catherine was transferred to the Church of the Resurrection in Monetchiki, after the demolition of the Church of the Resurrection - to the Church of Sts. mchch. Flora and Lavra on the Hook. The latter was also closed; the fate of the icon is unknown.
After the closing of the St. vmts. Catherine, its bell tower was destroyed to the first tier, the heads were dismantled. Subsequently, the church building was occupied by the Central Design Bureau of Instrument Engineering. In the 1970s the restoration of the church began. By 1983, the Catherine Church was restored externally, a head with a cross was installed.
The Spassky Winter Church housed the Research Institute for Standardization of Instruments. The Catherine Church was occupied by the Grabar All-Union Art Restoration Center, which carried out the restoration of the building. By 1990, the Center also occupied the winter temple, placing workshops in it.
In old Moscow there were many churches consecrated in the name of the Holy Great Martyr Catherine - now operating, closed, destroyed, brownies (including in the houses of the Old Believers), hospitals, monasteries and ordinary parishes.Such an abundance of them is primarily due to the fact that St. Catherine has long been revered as the patroness of childbirth and newborn children, so the Moscow sovereigns themselves diligently erected churches for her, praying both for the continuation of the family and for the gift of offspring to subjects.
Veneration of St. Catherine as an ambulance in childbirth is associated with a legend about her life. Saint Catherine was the daughter of the ruler of Alexandria in Egypt at the beginning of the 4th century AD. She announced that she would only marry someone who surpassed her in intelligence, beauty, wealth and nobility. Then her mother, a secret Christian, took her daughter to her spiritual father, the priest who told the girl that he knew such a Bridegroom.
Catherine, eager to see Him, accepted holy baptism, and it was a miracle for her: she saw Mother of God with baby Jesus. The Lord smiled at her and handed her the ring. When the vision ended, Catherine saw a ring on her hand.
In 305, when the Roman emperor Maximian arrived in Alexandria, festivities were held in his honor, at which Christians were sacrificed to pagan idols. Then the ruler's daughter went out to the emperor and openly confessed her faith in Christ. He ordered her to be executed.
And Saint Catherine was also the heavenly patroness of Empress Catherine the Great. In honor of the namesake of the empress in Moscow, Catherine's churches were arranged and renovated and new house churches at state institutions were consecrated in the name of the saint.
The first Catherine's Church, apparently, appeared in the Kremlin - as house temple queens, princesses and grand duchesses, arranged there in the 17th century at the Terem Palace.
In 1658, a chapel in honor of St. Great Martyr Catherine was founded in the Church of the Conception, "which is in the Corner", on Moskvoretskaya Embankment, by order of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich - in honor of the birth of his daughter, named Catherine.
And a year later, the tsar, while on falconry in the Podolsk region, saw St. Catherine in a dream. And under the influence of a miraculous vision, he founded the Catherine's hermitage in that place, and the Kremlin church of St. Catherine appointed for the wedding of princesses and grand duchesses.
His daughter, Ekaterina Alekseevna, in 1686 herself built a new Catherine's Church in the Kremlin's Ascension Monastery, which appeared there around 1586. It is possible that at that time Irina Godunova, the wife of Tsar Theodore Ioannovich, was its founder - at the same time she ordered the construction of the current church of St. Catherine in Zamoskvorechye, fervently praying with her husband for the gift of offspring, which they had not had for a long time. (The tsar himself, in prayer, reopened the Conception Monastery on Ostozhenka in Moscow.)
In 1612, the then wooden Catherine Church on Ordynka witnessed the battle between the army of Prince Dmitry Pozharsky and the Polish army of Hetman Khodkevich.
According to legend, the new stone church of St. Catherine in the middle of the 17th century and was built on the spot where the hetman, who was losing power, had built a fortification, retreating here from Klimentovsky prison - but even here Pozharsky's soldiers knocked him out. At that time, it was called "what is in the field" - this is how the beginning of the fields was called in ancient Moscow.
With the coming to power of Empress Catherine II, the construction of new and renovation of old Catherine's churches, firstly, increased, and secondly, it became a matter of national importance - these churches received a new status.
In 1764, a noble Catherine's grandee, real Privy Councilor I.I. Betsky announced that a new building of the Church of St. Catherine on Ordynka - in commemoration of the accession of Empress Catherine. And in 1766-1767. eminent Moscow architect K.I.Blank, one of the authors of the future Orphanage, built here a new Catherine's Church in the style of classicism - this building has survived to this day.
At the same time, according to the research of scientists, for the decoration and magnificence of the temple, a forged fence was transferred from the Kremlin, which had previously stood there between the Archangel Cathedral and the Patriarch's Court. (It is known that Patriarch Tikhon always served Vespers and Liturgy in this church on the feast of St. Catherine.)
And in the same significant year of 1764, on the Moskvoretskaya embankment, the laying of the most grandiose undertaking of Empress Catherine in Moscow took place - the Orphanage, a shelter for orphans, foundlings and illegitimate children. Naturally, his house church was consecrated in the name of St. Catherine, who patronized both the Empress herself and the little ones.
Orphanages existed in Moscow before, often at the Andreevsky and Novodevichy monasteries. And under Mikhail Fedorovich, orphanages were under the Patriarchal order. In 1706, Metropolitan Job opened an orphanage in the Kholmovo-Uspensky monastery near Novgorod, and the imperial family granted him a monetary donation.
Peter I then ordered in all provinces to establish the reception of illegitimate children, "so that they do not do the greatest sin, that is, murder," and to make houses where "skillful wives" are hired for their upbringing. Already in 1714, such an orphanage was founded in St. Petersburg.
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Here, from an early age, outside the pernicious influence of the street, society and his own home, he had to be brought up " new person", free from social vices, is a future highly moral, hardworking and worthy citizen of his Fatherland, moreover, professionally trained and able to find a place in life.
It was said that Betsky was led to this idea by ordinary chickens - passionately agriculture, he kept a steam oven-incubator in his office, and hatched chicks all the time jostled at his feet.
The theme of class education was his idee fixe: in St. Petersburg, Betsky worked on the organization and care of the "Educational Society for Noble Maidens" for girls of the nobility and with a department for petty bourgeois. Needless to say, this brainchild of Betsky in the northern capital, created in the same 1764, received in history the name of the Smolny Institute.
The Empress also agreed to Betsky's Moscow project, and signed the Manifesto on the establishment of an Orphanage in Moscow. They chose a special place for this institution - on the territory of the former Vasilyevsky meadow that belonged to the treasury. Even Elena Glinskaya planted a small garden here, sometimes called the "royal garden", then the "royal meadow".
According to legend, St. Basil the Blessed often spent the night here and sometimes even lived in a small hut, and people from all over Rus' came to him here with a prayer for help. Therefore, this place was named after him since the time of Ivan the Terrible. At the beginning of the Catherine era, there was a Pomegranate Yard, where artillery weapons were stored.
On April 21, 1764, on the empress’s birthday, with the thunder of a cannon salute, the Imperial Moscow Orphanage was triumphantly opened - to save life and educate for the benefit of society in poverty, babies born in poverty, orphans and poor puerperas, as it was written in a copper mortgage plate.
To commemorate this beneficence, on the same day, under the canopy of the patron saint Catherine, more than 50 poor Moscow brides were gathered, dressed in the dowry granted by the Empress and married. And about a thousand more poor people were treated to a festive dinner.
The idea of the Orphanage was fully embodied in its architectural building, isolated from the rest of the city and majestically monumental. As you know, a stone from a disassembled wall went to the construction white city.
According to one version, its still existing building was erected by the same K.I.Blank, who then built the Catherine Church in Zamoskvorechye, and according to another, St.
Construction dragged on for many years, and it is known that in last years under the supervision of eminent architects, the work was carried out by a certain Sitnikov, the serf master of Demidov, and the Orphanage was completed by Gilardi, who, by the way, built the building for his Board of Trustees on Solyanka in 1825.
And already in 1772, on the 4-5 floors in the main building on the embankment, the magnificent church of St. great martyrs. Catherine, still renovated in 1854 by the famous M. Bykovsky, who made a beautiful iconostasis into it.
A voluntary subscription was opened for the construction of the Orphanage in churches throughout Russia. The main capital for it was given by the Empress herself, together with a small heir, granting one hundred thousand rubles from herself at a time and establishing an annual salary contribution of 50 thousand. The heir, the future Paul I, ordered to issue on his behalf 20 thousand rubles a year.
In addition, there were annual donations from philanthropists - from Betsky himself, from Chancellor A.P. Bestuzhev-Ryumin, from Count A.G. Razumovsky and from millionaire mining owner P.A. Demidov.
For his donation in the amount of 200 thousand rubles, the Board of Trustees presented him with a gold medal, and in Moskovskie Vedomosti a poem was published on this occasion called "A sign for the dwelling of Prokofy Akinfievich Demidov":
Demidov lives here
Who gives an example of mercy,
Witness that
Unhappy house.
Demidov was delighted and the next time, promising the same amount, he brought to the Board of Trustees instead of money 4 expensive violins (apparently for this amount) according to the number of members of the Board, offending them a lot with his eccentric trick.
There were completely unknown philanthropists who did not want to disclose their names, and simply sent money, and sometimes in quite large amounts. And once a letter came from the Princess of Hesse-Homburg, nee Princess Trubetskoy, who asked to raise pets for the amount she donated, given in growth for annual interest. And those pupils who were kept on these funds, upon leaving the shelter, unexpectedly received a beautiful and noble surname - the Homburgtsovs - 20 people a year.
The reception of the first babies began on the very day of founding the Orphanage. Then 19 children of both sexes found near Moscow churches were taken into care. Some of them had already been baptized, while others were baptized after being admitted to the orphanage.
Moreover, the first two babies - a girl found at the Church of the Epiphany in Yelokhovo, and a foundling boy from the German settlement, were named Catherine and Paul in honor of the empress and heir.
Children no older than two years old were admitted to the Moscow Orphanage. Numerous examples are known from Russian history and literature, when their "illegal" children were sent here with servants.
Until the age of 14-15 years old, relied general program training, and then they were given for vocational training. At first, the boys were taught various crafts, and after leaving the orphanage, they often became city factory workers, including in factories belonging to the Orphanage itself. And the girls were trained as servants for hire in private homes. Then already in curriculum The foster home included training them to become teachers and educators with a mandatory course in French, and even acting skills began to teach pupils.
On the donation of Demidov, a commercial school for boys was arranged at the Orphanage, in order, according to the will of the benefactor, to train Russian subjects as "knowledgeable merchants". Later it was transferred to St. Petersburg by order of Paul I.
And for girls they opened a midwifery institute, where midwives were trained. Even at the founding of the Orphanage, a maternity hospital was opened under him, where anonymous women in labor were even allowed to give birth in a mask to hide their faces. Poor married women who were not able to hire a midwife were also brought here.
After the revolution, the building of the former Educational Ladies was occupied by the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions and became known as the Palace of Labor. The house church, of course, was closed - there is evidence that it burned down in the first Soviet years. Then it housed the Artillery Academy. Dzerzhinsky. The building of the Orphanage itself is under state protection.
Church of St. Catherine was also in the "Moscow Smolny" - in the Catherine's Women's Noble Institute, founded in 1803 as an average women's educational institution for the daughters of hereditary nobles. (Central House of the Soviet Army on Suvorovskaya Square) The church itself, however, was consecrated in honor of the Empress's name day back in 1779, in the Invalid Home for the Elderly Military, founded by her then. In Soviet times, in the premises of a closed church, concert hall.
The house Catherine's Church was also at the hospital founded in 1775 by decree of the Empress, which was named Catherine's or Novo-Catherine's after the temple, when it was transferred from Krestovskaya Zastava to a new building on Strastnoy Boulevard - where it operates to this day under the number 24- city hospital. Her church was consecrated in 1833 in honor of the heavenly patroness of the empress.
The history of the cathedral begins on October 17, 1889, when the royal train crashed near the Borki station, in the Kharkov region. Emperor Alexander III, together with his family, was returning to St. Petersburg from a trip to the south of Russia. The railway accident was terrible, but none of the royal family was seriously injured. The fact that the emperor managed to survive was perceived by the people as a miracle. Shortly before the incident, on the same trip, Alexander III visited Yekaterinodar (modern Krasnodar). In honor of deliverance from the death of the emperor, the local City Duma decided to build a temple with seven thrones.
The cathedral was built with the people's money, and the Duma undertook to direct two percent of the city's income to a charitable cause. By 1895, 50,000 rubles had been collected and a site for the future cathedral was determined on Catherine's Square in the city, on the site of a small church of the same name, which by that time was in an extremely dilapidated state. It was decided to dedicate the main throne to the Great Martyr Catherine, and the remaining six to be named in honor of heavenly patrons members of the imperial family: Maria, Nicholas, George, Mikhail, Xenia, Olga.
The construction was entrusted to the city architect Ivan Klementievich Malgerb, a civil engineer whose name is associated with the construction of temple buildings not only in the city of Ekaterinodar, but throughout the entire Kuban region. The ceremonial laying of the temple took place on April 23, 1900, but due to lack of funds, the new cathedral took 14 years to build. I.K. Malgerb chose the Byzantine style of the late period for construction. A bell tower and two chapels were attached to the five-domed temple, the height of the temple structure was 52 m, and the total length was 58.4 m, with a width of 48 m. A powerful faceted drum over the central part of the cathedral was completed with a helmet-shaped dome. The walls of the Cathedral in the name of the Holy Great Martyr Catherine are made of front red ceramic bricks. In the premises of the first floor and tiers of the temple there are five thrones out of seven, two more are in the basement of the cathedral.
The solemn consecration of the main altar took place on March 23, 1914. Local residents began to call the new temple on Catherine's Square the Red Cathedral.
In 1922, under the pretext of helping the starving people of the Volga region, the cathedral was looted. The temple was saved from complete destruction by the architect I.K. Malgerb, he managed to convince the authorities of the impossibility of dismantling the building for building material. From 1934 to 1942, the temple did not work, and its premises were used as warehouses.
During the Great Patriotic War, the cathedral was reopened, while the warehouse continued to operate in the temple at the same time as the services. However, it was possible to fully resume the work of the temple after the liberation of the city from the Nazis in 1944.
In Soviet times, the names of the aisles were changed to Uspensky, Voskresensky, Blagoveshchensky, Sergievsky, Varvarinsky - in order to erase everything related to royal family. Only the main aisle, Catherine's, has retained its former name.
In the early 1950s, Catherine Square, on which the cathedral is located, was built up around the entire perimeter with four-story residential buildings for the military.
Since 1982, restoration work has been carried out in the temple, murals have been updated.
Currently on site cathedral in the name of the Holy Great Martyr Catherine there is a multifunctional administrative building, a church shop and outbuildings.
