Navigation equipment for inland waterways. Driving training for jet skis and small boats, general information, navigation Signs on the river for small boats
Coastal navigation marks depending on their purpose, they are divided into two groups: designations of the position of the ship's passage and information .
To coastal signs indicating the position of the ship's passage include leading, crossing, running, spring, signs "Landmark", signs of running spans of bridges and "Track light".
Coastal markers consist of a pillar-support and a shield of a certain shape and color fixed on it. Five types of signal boards are used for these signs: rectangular, square, trapezoidal, round and combined. The shape of the shield depends on the purpose of the coastal sign.
The dimensions of signal boards, depending on the range of the sign, are regulated by the State Standard. The height of coastal signs is determined by a special calculation, taking into account the relief of the coastal strip.
On inland waterways, axial (linear), slotted and edge sections are used.
Axial alignment(Fig. 6.1) consists of two signs - front and rear, identical in shape, located on the continuation of the axis of the navigation channel.
Rice. 6.1. Scheme of the location of axial alignments on the river section:
1 - the axis of the ship's course; 2 - sections on a light background; 3 - alignments on a dark background
Four types of signal boards are used on the signs of the axial alignment: square (Fig. 6.2, a), rectangular (Fig. 6.2, b), trapezoidal (Fig. 6.2, c) and combined (Fig. 6.2, d - the upper shield is square, located vertically, and the lower one is trapezoidal, located obliquely to the vertical).
Rice. 6.2. Axial alignments for light (left) and dark (right) terrain background
(part of the sign area, colored in red, is conventionally indicated by hatching)
The color of the signal boards is chosen depending on the background of the surrounding area. With a light background, the shields are painted red with a white or black vertical stripe in the middle, and with a dark background - white with a black vertical stripe, and if they are located against the sky, then black.
IN dark time 24 hours on the axial leading signs of the right bank there is a red, white or yellow signal light, and on the signs of the left bank - green, white or yellow. At the same time, the nature (mode) of the light of the front sign is constant, and the rear sign is flashing or constant.
IN
Rice. 6.3. Orientation along the axial alignment: a - the ship is in the alignment zone; b - the ship left the alignment zone; 1 - the axis of the ship's course; 2 - rear alignment mark; 3 - front alignment mark; 4 - coast; 5 – guaranteed depth isobath; 6 - sighting curves limiting the leading zone; 7 – alignment axis; 8 - an imaginary vertical passing through the alignment lights; 9 - rear sign light; 10 - front sign light
Axial alignment serves to indicate the axis of the ship's course. The principle of its operation is as follows (Fig. 6.3). Two signs or lights of the alignment - front and rear, located on the shore at some distance from each other, form a leading line, the continuation of which towards the water area should coincide with the position of the axis of the ship's passage. A sign that the vessel is on the leading line will be the location of the front and rear signs or lights on the same vertical (Fig. 6.3, a). Deviation of the relative position of the front and rear signs or lights from the vertical indicates that the ship is straying away from the axis of the ship's passage and leaving the leading zone (Fig. 6.3, b). When the vessel leaves the alignment zone, the navigator must change course to return to this zone.
slotted gate consists of three signs - two front and one rear and serves to indicate the position of the ship's passage and its edges (Fig. 6.4).
Two front signs are installed on a line perpendicular to the axis of the alignment, and are located from it at the same distance. The rear sign is installed on the axis of the alignment, which must coincide with the axis of the channel.
Signal boards for signs of a slotted alignment are of the same type - rectangular. They are painted depending on the background of the surrounding area: on a light background - red with a white or black vertical stripe in the middle (Fig. 6.4, a), on a dark background - white with a black vertical stripe (Fig. 6.4, b).
Slotted alignment signs have white or yellow signal lights, front signs have permanent lights, and rear signs have flashing lights. If there are extraneous lights in the area of the slotted alignment, red signal lights are used on the signs installed on the right bank, and green ones on the left bank. At the same time, the front lights are constant, and the rear lights are flashing.
Rice. 6.4. The layout of the slotted gate on the section of the waterway: 1 - the axis of the ship's course; 2 – alignment axis; 3 - alignment marks; a - slotted gate for a light background; b - slotted gate for a dark background
The principle of operation of the slotted gate is shown in fig. 6.5. When the vessel is moving along the axis of the ship's course (Fig. 6.5, a), the rear mark (light) is visible exactly in the middle of the distance between the forward marks (lights). As the ship deviates from the axis of the ship's course, the symmetry of the location of the signs is violated (Fig. 6.5, b), while the gap between the rear and front signs of the edge to which the ship is approaching is reduced.If the vessel has gone beyond the boundary of the leading zone (Fig. 6.5, c), the gap between the shields of the rear and one of the forward marks disappears.
The navigator should not allow the vessel to leave the specified zone, since this does not ensure traffic safety.
Slotted gates are mainly used in reservoirs and estuarine sections of large rivers.
Rice. 6.5. Slot alignment:
a - the vessel on the axis of the alignment; b - the vessel deviated from the alignment axis; in - the ship leftfrom the gate zone; 1 - the axis of the ship's course; 2 – guaranteed depth isobath; 3 – alignment axis; 4 - rear sign; 5 - front sign; 6 - target curves, forming the gate zone
Edge gate designed to indicate one edge of the ship's passage. The target consists of two signs - front and higher back. The axis of the alignment crosses the vertical edge of the rear sign, facing towards the protected edge of the channel. The front sign is slightly shifted from this axis towards the same edge. To indicate both edges of the ship's passage, two edge alignments are installed - left and right (Fig. 6.6).The signal board of the front sign of the edge section has a rectangular shape, and the rear sign has the shape of a rectangular trapezoid. Signs are painted on a dark background in white, on a light background - in red. Lights - green on the left edge, front constant, rear two-flash; on the right edge are red, the front is constant, the back is two-stroke.
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Rice. 6.6. Edge gate: 1 – flow direction; 2 - left edge of the ship's passage; 3 - right edgeship's course; 4 - leading signs to indicate two edges of the ship's passage
Rice. 6.7. Types of signal boards of crossing signs:
a - square; b - rectangular; c – combined
Pass signs(Fig. 6.7) - these are coastal navigation signs to indicate the direction of the ship's passage, passing (transferring) from one coast to another, as well as to indicate the beginning and end of a section with a steep (running) coast.The pass sign consists of a pillar-support and a signal board of a certain shape fixed on it. There are three types of shields for pass signs: square (Fig. 6.7, a), rectangular (Fig. 6.7, b) and combined (Fig. 6.7, c). Signs located on a light background of the area are painted red, on a dark background - white.
Rice. 6.8. running signs
running signs(Fig. 6.8) - these are coastal signs that indicate that the ship's passage is located along the deep coast on which they are installed. They consist of a pillar - a support and a signal shield - a rhombus (Fig. 6.8, a), or a shield in the form of an elongated rhombus with cut off sharp corners (Fig. 6.8, b). To ensure visibility from all directions, shields are made, as a rule, voluminous. This is achieved by a cross-shaped connection of two flat shields (rhombuses) or by connecting two shields (elongated rhombuses) in plan at an angle of 90.The color of the shield and the pillar of the running sign, in contrast to the leading and crossing signs, depends on the name of the bank on which it is installed. On the right bank - the color is red, on the left - white. To create a contrast with the background of the terrain, the supports of navigation signs are painted with alternating stripes of red and white on the right bank and white and black on the left bank.
Rice. 6.9. spring signs
The traffic signs on the right bank have red flashing lights, and the signs on the left bank have green flashing lights.spring signs(Fig. 6.9) are set to indicate shores flooded during the flood period, islands protruding into the channel of capes, etc. They do not directly indicate the axis or edge of the channel and serve to determine the position of the channel in conjunction with other signs.
The spring sign is a signal figure fixed on a pillar-support, consisting of two cross-connected shields, having the shape of a circle on the right bank (Fig. 6.9, a) and a trapezoid on the left bank (Fig. 6.9, b). The signal figure can also be made of three planes intersecting at an angle of 120 in plan.
The shields of the spring signs of the right bank are painted red, and the left - white. Signposts are painted in the same color as the shields.
At night, red permanent lights are on the signs on the right bank, and green permanent lights are on the signs on the left bank.
Sign« Reference point"(Fig. 6.10) is used on rivers and reservoirs to designate characteristic coasts, capes, islands and other prominent places on the coastline. They do not directly indicate the position of the ship's passage, but allow navigators to determine it indirectly (by the position of the vessel relative to the Landmark sign).
By design, signs are made in the form of pillars with two shields (Fig. 6.10, a) and three or tetrahedral prisms and pyramids (Fig. 6.10, b). Two types of signal boards are used: rectangular and trapezoidal.
Rice. 6.10. Signs "Landmark":
a - in the form of single poles with signal boards;
b - in the form of three and four-sided prisms and pyramids
Shields of signs installed on the right bank are painted with five alternating horizontal stripes of red and white, and on the left bank - black and white, and the upper strip should be red or black, respectively.
On the signs "Landmark" of the right bank there are red, white or yellow two-flashing lights, and on the signs of the left bank - green, white or yellow two-flashing lights.
Signs "Track fire"(Fig. 6.11, a) serve to mark the banks of the navigation channel at night. The shape of signs carrying track lights is not regulated. Structurally, the sign is a support, at the top of which a lantern is fixed with two lenses in the side walls. An electric lamp is placed in the lantern. Through the lenses of the side walls, signal lights shine along the bank of the canal. Red permanent or flashing lights operate on the right bank, green permanent or flashing lights operate on the left bank.
Identification marks(Fig. 6.11, b) serve to indicate the entrance to the canal, port, outport, shelter from the lake or reservoir.
Rice. 6.11. Sign "Track light" (a) and identification marks (b)
Signs are built in the form of towers of various architecture and are installed on the heads of dams, breakwaters and breakwaters. They are painted in a color that provides the necessary contrast with the surrounding background of the area.At the tops of the identification marks, permanent or flashing signal lights of circular action are installed: green on the signs of the left bank and red on the signs of the right bank.
On the sides of identification marks facing the ship's course, a permanent light of the same color as on their tops may be installed.
Each beacon has its own distinctive shape, coloration and fire characteristics. Description of lighthouses and their geographical coordinates are given in the corresponding directions and on maps.
Rice. 6.13. navigation sign
Luminous maritime navigation sign(luminous sign) - a means of navigational equipment of the seas and large lakes, which is a day and night landmark of a special construction, having a light-optical apparatus with a visibility range of white light up to 10 miles. This is a structure of the same type as the lighthouse, but of a lighter construction (Fig. 6.13). The form of navigational signs can be different, they are built of stone, brick, metal, wood, etc. The sign may have distinctive shields and top figures. Radar reflectors are often installed on them.Non-luminous navigation sign- a structure of the same type as a luminous sign, but without a light-optical apparatus.
Naval navigational fire (fire)- remedy navigation equipment seas and large lakes, which is a night landmark and is a light-optical device installed on natural objects or structures of non-special construction (building, rock, pillar, etc.).
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Index, name and meaning of the sign (fire) |
Type of signal board |
Color, character and relative position of the lights |
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Divergence and overtaking are prohibited! |
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Divergence and overtaking of trains are prohibited! |
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Don't drop anchors! Note: Signs set by the owners of facilities in agreement with the authorities regulating shipping. |
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Don't create disturbance! Note: |
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movement of small
floating
funds are prohibited! |
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Traffic light |
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2. Warning and instructional signs |
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Speed limited! |
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Attention! |
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Crossing the ship's passage! Note: The signs are installed by the owners of the structures in agreement with the authorities regulating navigation. |
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Respect the water clearance! |
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3. Signs |
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Place of turnover of ships |
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Shipping Inspection Post Note: The signs are set by the owners of the post. |
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stop Notes:
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The minimum clearance height of the above-water crossing is a value equal to the difference between the values of the crossing height and the established margin, which is determined based on the conditions of the maximum sag of the wires and the maximum navigable water level.
Bridge navigation clearance - a rectangular outline of the space in the navigable span of the bridge within the navigation channel (in a section perpendicular to the axis of the navigation channel), free from protruding structural elements of the bridge and devices located on it, including navigational signs.
Notes.
1. Signs are installed by the owners of facilities in agreement with the authorities regulating navigation.
2. On the bridge, signs are installed on a support or on a span, while it is allowed to use signs without lights. Dimension restriction signs (additional vertical safety markings) must comply with the requirements of the standard.
Raid signs
Raid indicator (raid sign) to indicate the border of the raid.
Notes.
1. It is allowed to install additional shields, where the arrow indicates the direction of the raid, and the numbers indicate the length of the raid (m).
2. On the roadsteads of non-public use, the signs are installed by the owners of the roadsteads in agreement with the authorities regulating navigation.
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Color, character and arrangement of lights of raid signs |
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Sign |
On the left coast |
On the right bank |
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Front |
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General provisions
1. Navigation signs and lights are designed to create safe conditions for navigation of ships and ensure the safety of artificial structures on inland waterways
2. Navigation lights on structures must operate from sunset to sunrise
3. With the lateral system, the types, main parameters and dimensions, the color and type of coloring of navigation marks, as well as the nature, color and relative position of signal lights are determined in the prescribed manner
4. With the cardinal system, the color and type of coloring of the floating signs, their top figures and the nature of the lights are determined by the current fencing system on the waterways of the categories "M" and "O"
Composition and purpose of navigation marks
1. Navigation signs are divided into coastal and floating. In turn, they, depending on the silhouette of the figure, can be: rectangular, triangular, round, trapezoidal, combined, linear.
2. Coastal signs include fencing signs (designations) of the ship's passage and information signs
Coastal signs indicating the position of the ship's passage include crossing, navigation, spring signs "landmark", indicators of the height of the underbridge clearance and the edges of the ship's passage in the navigable spans of bridges, navigation channel lights, as well as identification marks and beacons. By these signs, the navigator determines the direction of the ship's course.
3. The structure of floating signs includes buoys, milestones
4. Floating navigation signs are divided into edge, turn, dump, separation, axial, rotary-axial and danger signs
5. On the rivers, the name of the right and left edges (sides) of the ship's passage is taken in the direction of the water flow
On transit ship passages of reservoirs, the names of the parties are taken in the direction from the backwater wedging zone to the dam
On the approaches to ports, marinas, shelters, as well as on the ship passages of tributaries flowing into the reservoir, the name of the right and left edges of the ship passage is taken in the direction of the transit ship passage
On canals and lakes, the names of the parties on the ship's passages are accepted conditionally when designing the transport development of these waterways.
Depending on the requirements for the operation of inland waterways, signs are either equipped with navigation lights or displayed without lights. Signs equipped with lights are designed to ensure the movement of ships around the clock, as well as reflective signs, which are observed at night when using ship searchlights.
Navigation lights are characterized by the color and nature of the fire - alternating flashes (glimmers) and pauses (blackouts).
The nature of navigation lights
1. Constant
2.
Flashing - periodically repeating flashes
3
. Double flash - periodically repeating groups of two flashes
4.
Frequent flashing - continuously repeated frequent flashes
5.
Group-often flashing - periodically repeating groups
6.
Pulsating - continuously repeating light pulses
7.
Intermittently pulsating - periodically repeating groups
8.
Eclipsing - periodically repeated flashes and short-term eclipses
Floating navigation signs and lights to indicate the boundaries of the ship's passage.
Floating navigation signs serve to protect dangers, indicate the edges and the axis of the ship's course. These signs, depending on the specific conditions, are displayed on water bodies according to a certain system: lateral or cardinal.
On inland waterways, 3 types of floating signs are usually used: buoys, buoys and milestones.
On inland waterways, 3 types of floating signs are used: buoys, buoys and milestones.
buoys.
They are metal floats of a conical or cylindrical shape, installed in areas with strong excitement. The buoys are numbered.
The buoy is held in place by an anchor device. The length of the anchor chain is 2 to 3 times the depth at the installation site.
The most important qualities of a buoy are its buoyancy and stability.
The buoy is equipped with a signal light, which is powered by electric batteries located in a special case inside the hull.
buoys.
They consist of a float part (raft) and a signal figure (superstructure) fixed on it of a trapezoidal, round or rectangular shape.
Milestones.
They are a pole attached by a cable to an anchor load. They are used as daytime floating signs on rivers with unlit navigable conditions. Milestones can be placed in addition to buoys and buoys for their duplication. The height of the above-water part of river milestones is 1 - 2 m, lake - should be equal to the above-water height of the buoys exposed in this area.
Navigational floating signs have their own distinctive features in terms of coloring, color and nature of fire, depending on their purpose and placement system.
Edge to indicate the edges of the ship's passage
1.
Right side red light, steady or flashing
When moving downstream, the sign is left on the right, when moving upstream, on the left.
2.
Left-hand side green, yellow or white light, steady or flashing
When moving downstream, the sign remains on the left, when moving upstream, on the right.
3.Separating. To indicate the separation of the ship's passage.
or
or
Indicates to the navigator that it is necessary to select the ship's course corresponding to the direction of the vessel's movement.
4. Danger signs enclosing dangerous places and navigation obstacles
right bank, fire - red, flashing or two flashing,
left bank, fire - green, flashing or two flashing
5.Signal signs, indicating the turn of the ship's course.
right bank, fire - red, flashing or often flashing,
left bank, fire - white, yellow or green, flashing or often flashing
6.Signal signs, denoting the axis of the ship's course and at the same time its edge to separate oncoming flows of ships
fire - white or yellow double flash
7.Signal signs, rotary-axial to indicate the turn of the axis of the ship milestone - two black (or white) and three red horizontal stripes of equal width. course The fire is white or yellow, group-frequently flashing.
8. Dump sign. Indicates a stall current that does not coincide with the direction of the ship's course. Installed on the side opposite the stall, upstream.
a) on the right edge indicates that the stall current is directed towards the right edge of the channel.
b) on the left edge indicates that the stall current is directed towards the left edge of the ship's passage
Coastal navigation marks indicating the position of the ship's passage
1.
The color of the shields of coastal leading and crossing signs is chosen to create a contrast with the background of the area (light or dark) and does not depend on the coast (right or left). The color of the lights depends on the shore (right or left)
2. Axial gate to indicate the axis of the ship's course, consists of two signs forward and backward. Sometimes this alignment is called linear. The front sign is located below the rear.
According to their form, the signs of the axial alignment can be of three types: rectangular (square) shields; trapezoidal shields; combined (lower shield trapezoidal, upper square).
Lights on the right bank red or white on the left bank - green or white on the front marks - fixed on the rear - flashing
When following the axis of the ship's passage, the navigator observes the combined leading strips of signs (during the day) and lights (at night), located on the same vertical. If the vessel deviates from the axis, the signs are shifted relative to each other or the imaginary line connecting the lights is tilted.
On a dark background On a light background
3.Slot slot to indicate the position of the ship's passage and its edges consists of three signs, two front and one rear
The lights on the right and left banks are yellow, on the front signs are constant, on the back - flashing.
If the navigator observes the rear shield (fire) between the front ones, then the ship is on the ship's course, if the strip of one of the front shields coincides with the strip of the rear shield, then this means that the ship has reached the edge of the navigation channel.
On a dark background On a light background
4. Edge gate to indicate the exact position of the ship's passage and its edges
The lights are permanent or two-stroke red on the right edge, green on the left.
In fact, this alignment can be considered as two combined axial alignments, one of which shows the left edge of the ship's passage, and the other - the right.
As long as the navigator observes during the day the gap between the vertical edges of the shields of the front and rear signs (at night, the conditional line connecting the lights of these signs is inclined towards the channel), the vessel is in the leading zone.
Two positions of the vessel when orienting along the edge alignment:
a) the ship is on the left edge of the ship's passage, because the vertical faces of the front and rear signs are combined;
b) the ship is on the axis of the ship's course.
On a dark background
On a light background
5. Crossing sign serves to designate a ship's passage and is installed in places where this passage changes direction from one coast to another. Unlike alignments, crossing signs are placed one at a time.
Crossing signs in form can be:
- a pillar with two square shields attached to its top, indicating two directions of the ship's passage;
- Rectangular vertical boards of the entire height of the sign, installed so that their front sides indicate the direction of the ship's passage;
- the third type of the pass sign is a structure of inclined trapezoidal shields tapering upwards with square shields on their tops.
The number of crossing signs placed on the river section depends on the sinuosity of the ship's passage. On the passes, two signs are usually put up - according to the sign on the left and right banks. Moreover, if these signs are connected by a conditional straight line, then it will coincide with the axis of the ship's passage.
Lights permanent or flashing, on the right bank red or white on the left - green or white or yellow flashing on both banks
On a dark background
On a light background
6.Spring sign serves to mark flooded shores and is displayed on flooded islands, ravines, capes to prevent the vessel from running aground.
On the left bank, the sign is a structure made of a pillar, on top of which a white trapezoid shield is fixed. On the right bank is a shield of the spring sign of a round shape of red color.
The lights are constant, red on the right bank, green on the left
7. Running sign to designate a ship's passage located near the shore.
The sign consists of a pillar and a diamond-shaped shield attached to its upper part. To increase the visibility range, the shield can be set to the full height of the sign.
Most often, this sign is located on clean (running) yards.
The running signs of the left bank are equipped with green flashing lights of all-round visibility, the right bank with the same red lights.
On the right bank On the left bank
8. Sign "landmark" It is used to designate characteristic conspicuous places (cape, island, etc.) on rivers, reservoirs and lakes.
The sign has a rectangular or trapezoidal shape. Shields (oblique) on the left bank are painted with alternating stripes of horizontal black and white, and on the right bank - red and white.
Two-flashing lights red or white on the right bank, green or white on the left bank or flashing yellow on both banks
On the right bank On the left bank
| On the right bank |
On the left coast |
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Or |
Or |
9. Sign "Track fire" It is installed on the slopes of the banks of shipping channels and serves to orient the navigators.
Track lights are placed on both sides of the canal in pairs (against each other), usually every 250 m. The sign, as a rule, is a one-meter arbitrary structure, painted with ball paint.
In the upper part of the sign at night on the left bank a constant green light is lit, on the right bank a red constant light is lit. These lights are directed along the canal. In addition, the sign may have a lower white light, which is covered by a visor from above and illuminates the slope of the canal and the water's edge.
10.Signalization of navigable spans of bridges
Signs and lights on bridges.
These signs indicate the spans for the passage of ships, raftsmen and small watercraft under the bridges from above and below, as well as the direction of the axis of the ship's passage and the height of the underbridge clearances. A visual view and characteristics of the signs and lights displayed on the bridges are presented
Navigable spans of bridges are marked by the following signs and lights located on trusses in the middle of these spans:
a) for ships sailing from below - a square shield, at night - two permanent red leading lights visible from the navigation side of the span;
b) for ships sailing from above - a diamond-shaped shield, at night - two permanent red leading lights visible from the navigation side of the span;
c) for rafts -
round shield, at night - two permanent green leading lights;
d) for small boats - a triangular shield, top down, no lights are set at night. On a dark background, the signs are painted in white, on a light background - in red.
Bridge clearance height indicators are square boards (green on a light background or white on a dark background) located vertically one above the other on the bridge supports. At night, a green permanent fire burns in the center of each shield.
Composition and distinctive features of floating signs with a cardinal system of placement
1. Cardinal signs are designed to protect navigational hazards. They are placed around the danger according to the principle of fencing it relative to the cardinal directions (in the four main directions of the compass). At the same time, the horizon around the danger fences is conditionally divided into four sectors - northern, eastern, southern and western
Cardinal signs are placed in one, several or all sectors at the same time to indicate the side from which the guarded danger should be bypassed.
Signs indicating individual dangerous places
The buoy is black with a wide red horizontal stripe, the light is white with two flashes. Milestone with top mark: two black balls one above the other. The sign is placed above the danger.
It is forbidden to use lighting devices, searchlights, as well as shields, flags and other objects if they can be mistaken for light signaling, lights and signals referred to in these Rules or if they can impair visibility or make it difficult to recognize navigation lights and signals.
lighthouses
serve to orient navigators when navigating on some estuarine sections of large rivers, reservoirs, lakes, as well as the entrance to the canal.
They are towers of various designs and architecture. (Fig. 168).
At the top of the lighthouse there is equipment for giving light signals with a set characteristic and color of fire. Some beacons are equipped with hazy sound alarms, as well as radio equipment for transmitting radio signals at certain frequencies.
The description of the lighthouses is detailed in the corresponding sailing directions, and their exact coordinates (latitude and longitude) of location are plotted on navigation charts.
Arrangement schemes for navigation signs. In order to consolidate knowledge of navigational signs and acquire primary skills of navigating by them while sailing, it is useful for a novice navigator to learn how to read maps (diagrams) of sections of the route with navigational landmarks printed on them.
The simplest schemes for arranging the most common signs with an indication of the axis of the ship's passage, which is marked with a dotted line, are shown in Fig. 169-172.
The linear alignment is the most common alignment installed on waterways, and gives the exact position of the axis of the ship's course.
Slotted and edge sections are mainly used in areas where it is required to ensure increased reliability of the situation, improve the orientation of navigators when passing and overtaking, as well as in places where floating signs are often knocked off their regular places.
Pass signs(1, 2, 3. 4, 5, 6) are usually installed on the deep banks of the reach and pass sections of rivers, as well as on waterways with unlit and reflective conditions.
running signs(7.8) are established with the calculation of ensuring the movement of ships from sign to sign, as well as between the crossing and crossing signs.
spring signs are installed on capes protruding towards the ship's course and crests of floodplain banks. On rice. 177 spring signs indicate dangerous flooded brows. Signs 1 and 3 are on the right bank. 2 and 4 left.
Appendix No. 5
to the Rules (paragraphs 125. 167, 183)
Information signs.
The information signs shown on the color tab (application) are divided into three groups:
1. Prohibition signs.
The signal board of these signs has a round white color, the edging and the diagonal stripe are red, the symbol is black.
Fire - yellow often flashing.
Signs prohibit navigators from performing certain actions and maneuvers. Prohibition signs "Missing and overtaking trains is prohibited!", "Missing and overtaking is prohibited!" in places most convenient for observation from ships.
2. Warning and prescriptive signs.
These signs instruct navigators to be careful on this section of the route and to comply with certain safety requirements for navigation.
Fire - yellow, flashing.
The sign "Crossing the ship's passage" is installed above or below the crossing, the sign "Observe surface clearance!" - on both banks, 100 m above or below (downstream) from the location of the crossing, as well as on the support or span of the bridge.
Signs "Attention!" and "Speed limited!" are installed at the beginning and end of the section to which they apply, in places most convenient for observation from ships.
3. Indicative signs.
They inform navigators about the safest places to maneuver, the location of certain objects, the width of the navigation channel, depths and other navigational information.
prohibition signs
1. Prohibition of passage- general signal sign"Semaphore" is designed to designate sections with one-way (alternate) traffic of ships, as well as to regulate traffic through the raised spans of floating bridges.
The floating bridge, when it is raised, for the passage of ships must have the following light signaling at night:
on the right downstream side of the span - two red permanent lights (on the downstream and upstream corners of the span);
on the left side of the span - two green permanent lights (on the lower and upper corners of the span);
on the allotted part of the bridge, at the end protruding into the river, a signal fire is installed from the core side, corresponding to the edge ones (red to the right bank, green to the left);
on the built bridge along its entire length, every 50 m, at a height of at least 2 m above the upper deck of the bridge, white lights are installed.
The regulation of the passage of ships through the divorced parts of the floating bridge is carried out with the help of signals raised on the semaphore mast.
| Name of the sign |
Color and nature of fire |
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Semaphore: The passage is closed from below and from above | ||
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The passage is closed from below | ||
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The passage is closed from above | ||
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Traffic light: Move closed | ||
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The move is open |
Sign " Traffic light"regulates the movement of ships in the areas of locks, barrier gates of ferry rope crossings and in lifting navigable spans of bridges.
2.
Sign " Passing and overtaking prohibited" denotes a section of the channel where overtaking and passing of ships is prohibited
3.
Sign " Divergence and overtaking of trains are prohibited" denotes a section of the channel where passing and overtaking of convoys and large vessels over 120 m in length are prohibited.
at night - eclipsing yellow fire
4.
Sign " Do not drop anchors" denotes an underwater crossing area where it is forbidden to drop anchors, lower chains and lots
At night - two permanent yellow lights arranged vertically
5.
Sign " Don't create a commotion" denotes sections of the waterway where it is forbidden to create waves.
6.
Sign " Movement of small boats is prohibited" denotes a section where the movement of small vessels is prohibited on the ship's course (on roadsteads in approach channels, at berths, etc.).
At night - eclipsing yellow fire
Notes.
1. Signs are installed at a distance of 100 m above and below (downstream) from the axis of underwater crossings.
2. Signs are placed in pairs so that each pair forms a transverse alignment. On canals and sections of rivers in the area settlements with a channel width of up to 500 m, it is allowed to install one sign on the crossing axis on each bank
3. On waterways with a channel width of up to 500 m, the alignment of signs is placed on the bank on which they are better visible from ships.
4. If the width of the water putsch is more than 500 m, the alignments of signs are installed on both banks.
5. If the ship's passage is located along the navigation bank, the alignments of signs are installed only on this bank, regardless of the width of the waterway.
Warning and Mandatory Signs
1.
Sign " Speed limited" denotes sections of the shipping route where the speed of movement of displacement vessels is limited (on canals, in outports, water areas of raids, etc.) numbers show the maximum allowable speed (km / h)
2.
Sign " Attention" denotes sections of the shipping route where special care must be taken exclamation mark figure.
At night - flashing yellow fire
3.
Sign " Crossing the ship's passage" to indicate the places where ships and ferries cross the ship's passage
At night - flashing yellow fire
4.
Sign " Respect the water clearance" denotes a bridge and a surface crossing. A figure that shows the minimum clearance height of the surface crossing, the height of the under-bridge navigable clearance of the navigable span of the bridge from the design water level (m)
At night - two yellow permanent lights, located horizontally.
Directive signs
1
. Sign " Place of turnover of ships" to indicate the area where it is most safe to turn the vessel
At night - fire yellow constant
2.
Sign " Shipping Inspection Post" to designate the locations of shipping inspection units
Fire yellow steady
3.
"stop sign" denotes the useful length of the lock chambers and the boundaries of the mooring (stopping) zone for ships in the approach channels to the locks. The sign is a (vertical) red stripe 0.2-0.4 m wide and at least 1.5 m long, applied on the parapets and (or) walls of chambers and berthing structures of locks
Illuminated by a constant red light.
4.
Sign " Raid Pointer" to indicate the border of the raid. If there are several raids, the number shows the ordinal number of the raid
Note: It is allowed to install additional shields, where the arrow indicates the direction of the raid, and the numbers indicate the length of the raid (m)
At night - constant lights on the left bank of green color on the right - red color
Floating navigation signs.
Lateral system for placing floating navigation marks
V - a system in which signs indicate the sides or axis of the course. It is used on rivers, reservoirs, canals, small lakes and on approaches to seaports.
It was found that the right bank is the bank of the inland waterway, located to the right of the observer facing downstream, and the left bank is to the left of the observer facing downstream.
On canals, lakes and reservoirs, the direction of the current is taken conditionally and is reported in navigation manuals and documents.
On the transit ship passages of reservoirs, the names of the sides (right and left) of the edge are usually set in the direction from the wedging zone to the dam, on lakes - taking into account the rivers flowing into and flowing out of them.
On approaches to ports, marinas and shelters, as well as on the ship's passages of rivers flowing into the reservoir, the name of the edges of the ship's passage is taken in the direction of the transit ship's passage.
Cardinal system for placing floating navigation marks
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this is a system in which navigational hazards are fenced off relative to the cardinal points according to the compass. It is used on the seas, large lakes and in the sea mouths of large rivers.
Types of floating navigation signs of this system, their description, placement, purpose and characteristics of lights are set out in this chapter. (§8)"Aids to Navigation of the Seas".
In the waters of the northwestern part of Europe (on large lakes and at the mouths of large rivers), an international system of navigation equipment has been adopted to protect dangers - IALA system(Fig. 173).
With a cardinal arrangement of floating signs of the IALA system, the northern buoy and milestone are set to the north of the danger (southern - to S, eastern - to E, western - to W) and for safe passage they should be left to the south (southern - to N, eastern - to W, western - to E). The characteristics of the lights of these signs are as follows:
northern buoy - white fire with frequent flashes (50-60 flashes per minute);
south buoy - white intermittent flashing light with a subsequent long (at least 2 s) flash (6 frequent and 1 long flash, period 15 s);
east buoy- white intermittent light with frequent flashing (3 frequent flashes and a pause, period 10 s);
western buoy - fire white intermittent, often flashing (9 frequent flashes and a pause, period 15 s).
The tops of these buoys and milestones are equipped with top figures in the form of black triangles (holics), the location of which relative to each other on each sign is different and is indicated on figure 173.
Small hazards can be guarded by one buoy with a pole (Fig. 174) without displaying other cardinal signs.
These signs are placed directly above the guarded danger.
Axial system for placing floating navigation marks in sea areas - used to mark the starting points and axes of fairways (channels), as well as the middle of passages in areas dangerous for navigation (Fig. 175).
Lateral marking system in sea areas - used for fencing the sides of fairways (channels) and passages (Fig. 176).
Special Purpose Signs
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used to mark anchorages and quarantines (Fig. 177).
To indicate surface or underwater hazards, ensure navigation along the fairways and determine the position of the vessel in coastal areas, Aids to Navigation (Aids to Navigation) are displayed.
Depending on the location of the installation of aids to navigation, there are coastal and floating.
The coastal ones include beacons, lights, signs, radar stations, as well as acoustic means of fog signaling.
Lighthouses are special structures with a height of 10 to 50 meters, equipped with powerful light-optical equipment.
The lighthouses are lit from sunset to sunrise, the visibility range is not less than 10 miles.
Navigation marks- lighthouse-type structures, but of a lighter design. Visibility range of lights up to 10 miles.
Leading signs are built in the form of lattice towers, on which a wooden folding shield is mounted. The alignments formed by the alignment marks are set to guide the vessel along the fairway, as well as to determine the compass corrections. Floating aids to navigation are anchored near the danger or on the danger itself: signs, buoys and milestones.
Floating warning signs warn navigators about the presence of danger, prohibit movement in their direction and indicate a safe path.
The system provides five types of signs
1. Lateral signs. These signs (buoys and milestones) are placed to protect the sides of the fairways.
The world ocean is divided into two regions: region A and region B, which differ in the principle of using red and green colors to fence the sides of the fairway with lateral signs.
Countries that have adopted the red color of the AtoN on the left side of the fairway belong to region A; countries that have adopted green color AtoN colors on the left side of the fairway - to region B. In this case, the direction of the fairway in both regions is considered from the sea. Other types of signs are common for regions A and B.
Region A. On the left side (Fig. 17.20) signs are displayed completely red, top figures look like a red cylinder, a luminous buoy has a red light. The nature of the fire is Pr 3s (flashing, period 3s).
On right side(picture) exhibit signs completely colored green, top figures look like a green cylinder, a luminous buoy has a green light. The nature of the fire - Pr 3s.
In some cases, the direction of the fairway is specifically specified. Numbers or letters may be applied to the hulls of the buoys, and the numbering or designation of the buoys with letters is carried out from the sea side.
In places of separation of fairways modified lateral signs are used to designate the main (preferred) fairway.
Main fairway on the right - the color of the signs is red with a wide green horizontal stripe, the top figure is in the form of a red cylinder, the luminous buoy is red. The nature of the fire - Pr (2 + 1) 9s (complex group flashing, period 9 seconds).
Main fairway on the left- the color of the signs is green with a wide red horizontal stripe, the top figure is in the form of a green cone, the luminous buoy is green. The nature of the fire - Pr (2 + 1) 9s.
Region B. On the lateral signs, exhibited on the left and right sides of the fairway, green and red lights are lit, respectively.
Region A
Left side sign
Right side sign
Region B
Left side sign
Right side sign
Sign indicating that the main fairway is on the left
Sign indicating that the main fairway is on the right
They serve to protect separate navigational hazards, as well as sunken ships. These signs indicate the side (by compass) from which the vessel must avoid the danger. They can be exhibited in one, several or all sectors from danger. Buoys and milestones of black and yellow color in various combinations are used for fencing (Fig. 17.28).
The top figures are two black cones, placed one above the other. The fire of luminous buoys is white.
Northern buoys and milestones exhibited in the northern sector to N from danger. The signs are black at the top and yellow at the bottom. Top figures are cones with their tops up. The nature of the fire is H (frequent).
Eastern buoys and milestones exhibited in the eastern sector to E from danger. The signs are black with a wide yellow horizontal stripe. The top pieces are cones with their bases together. The nature of the fire is H (3) 10 s (three frequent flashes in a group, period 10 s).
Southern buoys and milestones are set in the southern sector to S from danger. The signs are yellow at the top and black at the bottom. The top figures are cones with their vertices together. The nature of the fire - H (6) DlPr 15s (six frequent flashes in a group with a long flash, period 15 s).
Western buoys and milestones are exposed in the western sector to W from danger.
The signs are yellow with a wide black horizontal stripe. The top figures are cones with their vertices together. The nature of the fire is H (9) 15 s (nine frequent flashes in a group, period 15 s).
Signs enclosing individual dangers of small size.
They are exposed above the danger and can be bypassed from any side. The signs are painted black with one or more red wide horizontal stripes (Fig. 17.29). The top pieces are two black balls placed one above the other. The luminous buoy is white. The nature of the fire - Pr (2) 5s.
3. Signs indicating the starting points and the axis of the fairway(channel) and the middle of the passage (axial). The signs (buoys and milestones) are painted with red and white vertical stripes (Fig. 17.30). The top figure looks like a red ball. The luminous buoy has a white light. The nature of the fire - DlPr 6s (long-flashing, period 6 seconds).
They are used to mark or fence special areas or objects, for example, places for laying cables, etc.
The signs are yellow. Top figures - oblique cross yellow color. The luminous buoy has a yellow fire, the nature of the fire is Pr 5s.
Signs guarding individual hazards
