Patriarch Tikhon Belavin biography. Saint Tikhon (Belavin), Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia
The history of Orthodoxy and our church is replete with amazing examples of sincere faith and true confession. Many saints have given their lives to defend the right to believe in our Lord Jesus Christ. Among the saints of God there are the most different people. These are holy fools, who were considered crazy by the people, and simple poor people, and monks, and educated people from high society. Also, many primates and archpastors of our church show us an example of sincere faith. So, one of the most prominent personalities, who stood at the top church hierarchy, you can call St. Tikhon, Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia.
The beginning of the life path of a saint of God
Vasily Ivanovich Belavin (that was the name of the future patriarch in the world) was born into a hereditary priestly family near Pskov in 1865. Almost the entire Belavin family consisted of the priesthood, therefore, from birth, Vasily grew up in an atmosphere of Orthodoxy and love for God.
The family, as usual at that time, was large - in addition to Vasily, the parents raised three more sons. Despite the obvious religious orientation, Vasily grew up simple and sociable, according to the definition of many of his contemporaries, even "secular" youths.
Tikhon of Moscow
Since the position of the clergy at the end of the 19th century was rather difficult, the only way to improve the life of the family was to get an education. And Vasily successfully graduates from a theological school and a seminary in the Pskov province, after which he successfully enters the St. Petersburg Theological Academy, famous throughout Russia.
The years of study are not marked by any particularly outstanding incidents in the life of the future patriarch. Study was given to him smoothly, without sharp ups and downs. Serious spiritual crises and trials of faith also passed during this period.
Interesting. Long before determining his path, while studying at the academy, Vasily receives the nickname "Patriarch" from classmates.
Given the fact that in those years there was no institution of patriarchy in tsarist Russia, no one at the academy could even imagine how prophetic such a nickname would become. According to his friends from the academy, there was nothing at all in Vasily's behavior beyond piety or deliberately spiritual. On the contrary, he was always a sociable, simple young man who easily made contact with almost everyone. These qualities earned him respect and recognition among other students. However, no one expected that after completing the course, Vasily would choose the monastic path.
The graduate himself was not completely determined either, which he honestly admitted after graduating from the Theological Academy. For the next three years, thinking about his future path, Vasily teaches at the seminary of Pskov. Finally, having made his choice, in December 1891 he takes the tonsure under the name Tikhon.
The first works of the archpastor
The first patriarchal works
Given the difficult period for the country, Patriarch Tikhon embarked on the path of his ministry, he had a lot of work to do. Considering that the patriarch was practically the only leader elected by the people, he was greeted with joy in almost every corner of Russia. When a patriarch came to serve in a provincial town, the population did not go to work in order to get to the service.
Important. Immediately after the revolution, the relationship between the ruling power and the Russian Orthodox Church became very tense and conflicting.
The newly established power of the soviets oppressed and humiliated the church in every possible way, and the process of persecution of Orthodoxy began. And Patriarch Tikhon had to constantly balance between pastoral duty and public representatives.
Ark with the relics of Patriarch Tikhon
Already in 1918, two comrades-in-arms of the Patriarch died tragically - Fr. Ivan Kochurov, as well as Metropolitan Vladimir. Vladyka Tikhon took the loss very hard and mourned for a long time. Even then it became clear to him that this was only the very beginning of the cruel persecution.
Interesting fact. Once the Patriarch was warned that a whole group of sailors were gathering in Petrograd, who wanted to arrest Vladyka and take him away from Moscow. He reacted very calmly to this news, did not pay any attention to it. Early in the morning, a group of invaders arrived in Moscow, but a few hours later they went back without even meeting with the church leader. The Lord obviously kept his chosen one for great things.
At the beginning of 1918, the Patriarch published a message that became historic. It called on everyone who was related to the authorities to stop lawlessness and cruel reprisals against the people. Also anathematized and excommunicated from Communion were all those who were directly related to the commission of crimes. Despite the fact that the document referred to individuals, the appeal was perceived in society as a sharp disagreement with the Bolshevik government and condemnation of it as such. Of course, this only aggravated the already difficult relationship between the Church and the state.
Harassment and criminal proceedings
The mass repressions of the clergy did not bypass the primate of the church, objectionable to the new authorities. The open condemnation of the bloody dictatorship of the Bolsheviks and brutal violence against the objectionable became an occasion for closer attention to the Russian Orthodox Church and its activities. And no matter how Patriarch Tikhon urged not to associate the activities of the Russian Orthodox Church with any political force, no matter how he declared the Church an institution outside the state, he was still accused of anti-Soviet propaganda and counter-revolutionary activities.
After a search in the apartment, in 1918 the primate of the Russian Orthodox Church was placed under house arrest. Fearing for the life of the beloved Vladyka, volunteers organized a special convoy that was on duty near the walls of the Trinity Metochion, where St. Tikhon was imprisoned. He was accused of mass calls for the overthrow of the Soviet regime, which in fact he never did. On the contrary, the position of the primate has always been as conciliatory as possible and aimed at resolving all differences in a peaceful way, without bloodshed.
The next blow from the authorities was a campaign to open the relics and seize church valuables. Despite the sharp disapproval of the Patriarch and popular dissatisfaction, more than 60 shrines with the incorruptible relics of Russian saints, including those most revered by the people, were blasphemously opened. Such obvious mockery Orthodox shrines plunged the church into an ever-increasing opposition to Soviet power.
In 1922, a terrible famine began in the Volga region. Through the efforts of Patriarch Tikhon, a collection of humanitarian aid was organized for the starving, including those from abroad. Thanks to this company, hundreds and thousands of people were saved. Vladyka also turned to the official authorities with a proposal to collect help from church property, which does not have significant liturgical significance.
The Repose of Saint Tikhon, Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia
Did His Holiness foresee how such a proposal would turn out for the Church? Very soon, an official government paper arrived, according to which all church utensils made of valuable metals, as well as those containing precious stones, were subject to seizure. Items directly used for liturgical purposes were also subject to confiscation. In fact, a robbery program has begun Orthodox churches all around Russia. Thus, the voluntary donation of a part of church property to help the starving turned into the largest forcible seizure of valuables in the history of Russia.
However, by the Providence of God, the Bolsheviks failed to collect what they counted on. According to average estimates, it was possible to collect a thousandth of what was planned. At the same time, the actual amount of funds collected was approximately equal to the costs of the campaign to confiscate church property.
But, despite the fact that the Bolsheviks did not manage to make a significant profit, the Russian Orthodox Church suffered colossal damage: many shrines were lost, the value of which was not measured by any money. Ancient icons in expensive icon cases that had hung in churches for centuries were destroyed and dismantled for the sake of expensive jewelry and metals. Items of liturgical paraphernalia passed down from generation to generation in priestly families were also confiscated. In fact, everything that made up the greatness and splendor of Russian churches before the revolution was looted, desecrated and irretrievably lost.
Last years of life, death and glorification
Until the very end of the life of the Patriarch, severe trials did not stop Christian faith in Russia. So, at the end of 1924, his cell-attendant, a person very close to Vladyka, was killed. St. Tikhon suffered another loss very acutely.
From the beginning of 1925, for reasons of health, His Holiness moved to the Bakunin hospital, where he received treatment. Despite his infirmity, he continued to serve in various churches. The last service was performed by him 2 days before his death.
Even being in a hospital in poor condition, interrogations of His Holiness and visits by official authorities did not stop. He was constantly required to sign various documents, appeals to the people, appeals and other official papers, the content of which often contradicted Christian doctrine. up to the very last days During his life Saint Tikhon struggled against the arbitrariness and violence of the Soviet regime.
Bishop Tikhon went to the Lord on the feast of the Annunciation of the Lord in 1925. According to official figures, his death was due to heart failure, but there is also a version of poisoning. No matter how the official version progressed, the authorities failed to completely refute the possibility of poisoning.
Saint Tikhon Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia
Farewell to the beloved Vladyka took place within the walls of the Donskoy Monastery, where, according to average estimates, more than a million people arrived. All the streets nearby were filled with people who wanted to say goodbye to the future saint.
About other saints of the Orthodox Church:
Interesting. During the seven years of his patriarchate, the saint served exactly 777 liturgies. On average, he performed services every 2-3 days.Patriarch Tikhon was canonized in 1989, his memory is celebrated on March 25. It was his canonization that served as an impetus for the glorification of a large number of new martyrs who suffered during the years of Soviet power.
The story of finding his relics is also interesting, the location of which, by a strange coincidence, was forgotten. In 1992, a strong fire broke out in the Donskoy Monastery, as a result of deliberate arson. Large areas burned out, including the temple building. When dismantling the conflagration miraculously, the relics of the saint were found. Now they are in the Great Cathedral (Donskoy Monastery) in the public domain. Many pilgrims come there to honor the memory and bow to the holy relics of the saint of God and pray to the one who worked so hard for the good of the Church in the most difficult years.
A large number of lifetime photographs of Patriarch Tikhon have been preserved, since he lived in years quite close to us. And every believer has a great opportunity to see firsthand what a real saint looked like, who was honored with eternal life at the Throne of God. Perhaps this explains the widespread love for the New Martyrs and saints of the 20th century, especially for St. Tikhon.
Examples of ancient ascetics sometimes amaze with devotion to the faith of Christ, but the fact that they lived many centuries before the present time somehow removes them from modern man with his troubles and problems. The example of the holy Patriarch Tikhon shows us that even in our time it is possible to save one's soul and survive even in the most difficult situations of life, if we rely on the Lord God in everything.
Holy Patriarch Tikhon, pray to God for us!
Watch a video about Patriarch Tikhon of Moscow
Vasily Ivanovich Belavin (the future Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia) was born on January 19, 1865 in the village of Klin, Toropetsky district, Pskov province, in a pious family of a priest with a patriarchal way of life. Children helped their parents with the housework, went for cattle, they knew how to do everything with their own hands.
At the age of nine, Vasily entered the Toropetsk Theological School, and in 1878, upon graduation, he left his parental home to continue his education at the Pskov Seminary. Vasily was of a good disposition, modest and friendly, studying was easy for him, and he was happy to help his classmates, who called him "bishop". After graduating from the seminary as one of the best students, Vasily successfully passed the exams for the St. Petersburg Theological Academy in 1884. And the new respectful nickname - Patriarch, received by him from academic friends and turned out to be prophetic, speaks of the way of his life at that time. In 1888, after graduating from the academy as a 23-year-old candidate of theology, he returned to Pskov and taught at his native seminary for three years. At the age of 26, after serious reflection, he takes his first step after the Lord to the cross, bending his will under three high monastic vows - virginity, poverty and obedience. On December 14, 1891, he was tonsured with the name Tikhon, in honor of St. Tikhon of Zadonsk, the next day he was ordained a hierodeacon, and soon a hieromonk.
In 1892, Fr. Tikhon was transferred as an inspector to the Kholm Theological Seminary, where he soon became rector in the rank of archimandrite. And on October 19, 1899, in the Holy Trinity Cathedral of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra, he was consecrated Bishop of Lublin with the appointment of a vicar of the Kholm-Warsaw diocese. St. Tikhon spent only a year in his first cathedra, but when the decree came to transfer him, the city was filled with weeping—the Orthodox wept, the Uniates and Catholics, who were also numerous in the Kholm region, wept. The city gathered at the station to see off the archpastor who had served so little with them, but so much beloved by them. The people tried by force to hold back the departing bishop by removing the train attendants, and many simply lay down on the railroad track, preventing them from taking away from them the precious pearl - the Orthodox bishop. And only the heartfelt appeal of the lord himself calmed the people. And such farewells surrounded the saint all his life. Orthodox America wept, where to this day he is called the Apostle of Orthodoxy, where for seven years he wisely led the flock: overcoming thousands of miles, visiting hard-to-reach and remote parishes, helping to equip their spiritual life, erecting new churches, among which is the majestic St. Nicholas Cathedral in New York. His flock in America grew to four hundred thousand: Russians and Serbs, Greeks and Arabs, Slovaks and Rusyns converted from Uniatism, indigenous people - Creoles, Indians, Aleuts and Eskimos.
Heading the ancient Yaroslavl cathedra for seven years, upon returning from America, Saint Tikhon traveled on horseback, on foot or by boat to remote villages, visited monasteries and county towns, and brought church life into a state of spiritual unity. From 1914 to 1917 he managed the Vilna and Lithuanian departments. In the First World War, when the Germans were already under the walls of Vilna, he took the relics of the Vilna martyrs and other shrines to Moscow and, returning to the lands not yet occupied by the enemy, served in crowded churches, bypassed the hospitals, blesses and admonishes the troops leaving to defend the Fatherland.
Shortly before his death, St. John of Kronstadt, in one of his conversations with St. Tikhon, said to him: “Now, Vladyka, sit down in my place, and I will go and rest.” A few years later, the elder's prophecy came true when Metropolitan Tikhon of Moscow was elected Patriarch by lot. There was a troubled time in Russia, and at the Council of the Russian Orthodox Church that opened on August 15, 1917, the question of restoring the patriarchate in Russia was raised. The opinion of the people was expressed by the peasants: “We no longer have a Tsar, there is no father whom we loved; It is impossible to love the Synod, and therefore we, the peasants, want the Patriarch.”
There was a time when everything and everyone was seized with anxiety for the future, when anger revived and grew, and deadly hunger looked into the faces of the working people, the fear of robbery and violence penetrated homes and churches. A presentiment of general impending chaos and the kingdom of the Antichrist seized Russia. And under the thunder of guns, under the chirping of machine guns, the First Hierarch Tikhon is placed by God's hand on the Patriarchal throne in order to ascend to his Golgotha and become a holy martyr Patriarch. He burned in the fire of spiritual torment every hour and was tormented by questions: “How long can one yield to godless power?” Where is the line when he is obliged to put the good of the Church above the well-being of his people, above human life, moreover, not his own, but the life of Orthodox children faithful to him. He no longer thought about his life, about his future. He himself was ready for death every day. “Let my name perish in history, if only the Church would benefit,” he said, following his Divine Teacher to the end.
How tearfully the new Patriarch weeps before the Lord for his people, the Church of God: “Lord, the sons of Russia forsook Thy Testament, destroyed Thy altars, shot at temple and Kremlin shrines, beaten Thy priests...” He calls on the Russian people to cleanse their hearts with repentance and prayer , to resurrect "in the year of the Great Visitation of God in the current feat of the Orthodox Russian people, the bright unforgettable deeds of pious ancestors." To raise religious feelings among the people, with his blessing, grandiose religious processions in which His Holiness invariably took part. He fearlessly served in the churches of Moscow, Petrograd, Yaroslavl and other cities, strengthening the spiritual flock. When, under the pretext of helping the starving, an attempt was made to destroy the Church, Patriarch Tikhon, having given his blessing to donate church valuables, spoke out against encroachments on shrines and public property. As a result, he was arrested and from May 16, 1922 to June 1923 he was imprisoned. The authorities did not break the saint and were forced to release him, but they began to follow his every step. On June 12, 1919, and on December 9, 1923, assassination attempts were made; during the second attempt, the cell-attendant of His Holiness Yakov Polozov was martyred. Despite the persecution, St. Tikhon continued to receive people at the Donskoy Monastery, where he lived in solitude, and people came in an endless stream, often coming from afar or traveling thousands of miles on foot. The last painful year of his life, persecuted and sick, he invariably served on Sundays and holidays. On March 23, 1925, he celebrated the last Divine Liturgy in the Church of the Great Ascension, and on the feast of the Annunciation of the Most Holy Theotokos, he reposed in the Lord with a prayer on his lips.
The glorification of St. Tikhon, Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, took place at the Bishops' Council of the Russian Orthodox Church on October 9, 1989, on the day of the repose of the Apostle John the Theologian, and many see God's providence in this. “Children, love one another! - says the Apostle John in his last sermon. “This is the commandment of the Lord, if you keep it, then it’s enough.”
The last words of Patriarch Tikhon sound in unison: “My children! All Orthodox Russian people! All Christians! Only on the stone of healing evil with good will the indestructible glory and majesty of our Holy Orthodox Church be built, and it will be elusive even for enemies holy name her, the purity of the feat of her children and servants. Follow Christ! Don't change Him. Do not succumb to temptation, do not destroy your soul in the blood of vengeance. Don't be overcome by evil. Defeat evil with good!"
67 years have passed since the death of St. Tikhon, and the Lord granted Russia his holy relics to strengthen her for the difficult times ahead. They rest in the large cathedral of the Donskoy Monastery.
Date of publication or update 12/15/2017
Life of St. Tikhon, Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia Velikiy, Belyi and Malaya.
In difficult times, when the normal course of life is disrupted, when life is revolted by grandiose events that overturn everything and everyone into the abyss, when death and despair set in all around, God sends His saints into this world, heroes of the spirit, people of special courage and selflessness, ascetics of faith and love, which the world needs in order to stand in the truth, so as not to lose the distinction between good and evil, so as not to perish spiritually. And the feat of such holy giants, the spiritual leaders of the people, can probably be called the most difficult of all feats.
Holy Patriarch Tikhon (Bellavin), when he was Archbishop of Yaroslavl and Rostov (1907-1913), repeatedly served in the churches of the Nativity Convent. Image from the page of the Mother Superior-ascetic of the book of the Nativity of the Virgin Convent in Rostov Veliky.
Turning to our history, we are unlikely to find, even among the illustrious Moscow hierarchs, a person who would be called to the helm of church life in such a difficult and tragic period as the one that fell to the lot of His Holiness Patriarch Tikhon. The grandiose scale historical events made St. Tikhon, one of the greatest participants in these, incomprehensible to his contemporaries. Even today it is difficult to appreciate in essence the greatness and beauty of his feat, his holiness. This is similar to how a great mountain can be looked at only from a sufficiently large distance - close to it, all its grandiosity is not visible.
So and the greatest people become clearer and more visible over time. And the more significant a person, the more he is, the more time is required to see and appreciate him. And yet, not a single hierarch of the Russian Church has attracted such close, compassionate and respectful attention from the entire Christian world as Patriarch Tikhon did during his lifetime. This very fact, pointing to his world significance, his worldwide authority, makes us turn to his image with special attention and love.
The future Patriarch Tikhon in the world bore the name Vasily Ivanovich Belavin. He was born according to the old style on January 19, and according to the new style - on February 1, 1865 in the small village of Klin near the town of Toropets, Pskov province, in the family of the parish priest of the Transfiguration Church of the Savior. His childhood passed among common people, he saw peasant labor and lived a simple folk life. From the remarkable episodes of his childhood, it is known that one day the priest John Belavin, his father, spent the night with his sons in the hayloft. In a dream, his mother, the grandmother of Patriarch Tikhon, appeared to him and predicted the fate of her three sons, her grandchildren. She said about one that he would live an ordinary life, about the other that he would die young, and about Vasily she said that he would be great. Father John, waking up, told this dream to his wife, thus this tradition was preserved in the family. The prophetic dream subsequently came true exactly.
Upon reaching the appropriate age, the future Patriarch Tikhon, then still a boy, began the usual teaching. As the son of a priest, he first studied in Toropetsky religious school. Then he entered the Pskov Seminary, and after graduating brilliantly, he entered the St. Petersburg Theological Academy. Love for the Church, meekness, humility, purity of heart, chastity, amazing innate simplicity, so previously inherent in the Russian people, constant goodwill towards everyone, a special gift of prudence, positivity - all this made Vasily Belavin a favorite of fellow students, who jokingly called him Patriarch. In those days, it could not even occur to the head that this comic nickname would turn out to be prophetic, because the patriarchate did not exist in Russia at that time.
Icon of St. Tikhon, Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia.
From the page of the Shrine of the Alexievsky Monastery of the book Saratov St. Alexievsky Convent
After graduating from the St. Petersburg Theological Academy in 1888, Vasily Belavin was sent to his native Pskov Theological Seminary as a teacher. His students loved him very much, like everyone he met (this was a feature of his life). In 1891 he was tonsured a monk with the name Tikhon in honor of his beloved Saint Tikhon of Zadonsk. Soon he was ordained to the rank of hieromonk and sent to the Kholmsky Theological Seminary (of the Warsaw diocese), where he was appointed first as an inspector, and then as a rector. At the age of 33, in 1897, he was consecrated Bishop of Lublin, Vicar of the Warsaw Diocese.
Church life at the site of the new ministry of Bishop Tikhon was greatly complicated by acute national and religious strife. Vladyka Tikhon never resorted to arguments "from a position of strength", which did not prevent him from successfully defending Orthodox faith. Metropolitan Evlogy (Georgievsky) vividly recalls this period of his life: “Archimandrite Tikhon was very popular both in the seminary and among the common people. Local priests invited him to temple holidays. Sweet and charming, he was a welcome guest everywhere, he disposed of everyone, enlivened any meeting, in his company everyone was pleasant, easy. As a rector, he was able to establish lively and lasting relationships with the people, and he showed me the same path. In the rank of bishop, he further deepened and expanded his connection with the people and really became “his own” bishop for the Kholmshchyna. During my trips around the diocese, I constantly heard the most heartfelt comments about him from the clergy and the people.
Very soon, however, the young Bishop Tikhon was sent to America. There, a huge diocese awaited him, which included the United States of North America, Canada, and Alaska. There were Russian people in this diocese, but there were not very many of them. Therefore, of course, he had to turn to the local population, learn the local traditions and language. Bishop Tikhon showed himself here, as elsewhere, as an amazingly light, joyful, cheerful person. He very actively took up the improvement of his diocese, took a number of measures to develop Orthodox life: in particular, he divided this diocese and introduced the vicariate. He opened religious schools, tried to develop missionary work in order to attract Anglicans to Orthodoxy. The years of his archpastoral labors, amazing in scope and Christian spirit, made St. Tikhon one of the most revered saints of Orthodox America.
Once during the years of his American life, he came to Russia, where his successful work was noted: he was elevated to the rank of archbishop.
In 1907, Archbishop Tikhon was transferred to one of the largest and oldest dioceses in Russia - to the Yaroslavl see. Here, too, he quickly found contact with his flock. He was loved and respected by all walks of life. He was very simple, accessible, he served a lot, often even in various small churches in his diocese, where usually bishops did not visit. He took to heart everything that concerned the life, welfare and interests of the people, and his activities were not limited only to church affairs. Being elected an honorary member of the Union of the Russian People, he had a great influence on the work of this Union in Yaroslavl. Archbishop Tikhon was a free, broad-minded man, quite democratic and independent. Due to a case when he did not agree with the governor of Yaroslavl, and, apparently, in connection with the complaint of the latter, Vladyka was transferred in 1914 to the Vilna cathedra. It is remarkable that, as a token of their love for the translated Bishop, the inhabitants of Yaroslavl elected him an honorary citizen of the city (almost the only case in Russian history).
Orthodox churches and even monasteries existed in the new diocese, but the main part of the population professed catholic faith. Archbishop Tikhon, as always, very quickly won respect, authority and love here. Soon after his appointment, the war began, and his ministry was complicated by many new concerns. He had to think about refugees, evacuate the relics of the Vilna martyrs to Moscow, he also kept the miraculous Zhirovitsky icon Mother of God, subsequently returned to the Zhirovitsky Monastery. He also visited the front, was even under fire, for which he was awarded one of the highest orders. At this time, the turn of Archbishop Tikhon comes to be present at the Holy Synod. His activities are expanding, he spends a lot of time in Moscow, where he was caught by the February Revolution of 1917.
After the revolution, V.N. was appointed Chief Procurator of the Holy Synod. Lvov. He removed from the chairs two senior metropolitans of the Russian Church: Metropolitan Macarius (Nevsky) of Moscow and Metropolitan Pitirim (Oknov) of St. Petersburg, then soon dissolved the Synod in order to make the new composition more convenient for himself. Among the disgraced was Archbishop Tikhon of Vilna, who at that time was a member of the Holy Synod. Wanting to attract new people to the church administration, V.N. Lvov organized elections for the vacated Moscow, St. Petersburg, and several other dioceses, the cathedra, which was headed by bishops unacceptable from the point of view of the reformers. The freedom that came at that time, unprecedented in Russia, made it possible for free elections to the Moscow and St. Petersburg departments. Indeed, in ancient times in the Church, bishops were elected by the people, but over many centuries this tradition was lost, and bishops began to receive appointment from the authorities. The elections to the main sees of the Russian Church that suddenly became possible were, of course, an unprecedented event and attracted general attention.
And so, in Moscow, the diocesan congress of the Moscow clergy and laity faces the task of electing a new Moscow archbishop or metropolitan. These elections were preceded, of course, by a prayer performed in front of the main Moscow shrine - the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God. One of the contenders for this place was everyone's favorite, wonderful church leader Alexander Dmitrievich Samarin, a descendant of the famous Slavophile. It is interesting that his candidacy was proposed in the circle of the Moscow church intelligentsia by the future priest, and then a philosopher, Sergei Nikolaevich Bulgakov and the famous church figure Mikhail Alexandrovich Novoselov.
The elections did not justify the hopes of V.N. Lvov, whose candidates were rejected by the church people. On July 4, 1917, Archbishop Tikhon of Vilna, dismissed from the Synod by the Chief Procurator, was elected to the Moscow cathedra, who was immediately entrusted with the burden of preparing the Local Council and organizing the election of its future participants. A local council in the Russian Church has not met for more than two hundred years.
It can be said with certainty that in Russian history there has never been a cathedral so representative, responsible and courageous, so inspired by living faith and ready to go on a feat, like the Local Council of 1917-1918. This cathedral was opened on the day of the Assumption of the Mother of God, according to the new style 28 August 1917. The oldest Metropolitan of Kyiv Vladimir became the honorary chairman of the cathedral, and St. Tikhon, who had been elevated to the rank of metropolitan a few days earlier, was elected the acting chairman. From the very beginning of the work of the cathedral, there was a disturbing time, disturbing signs of future changes. And at the council the question of the reform of church administration was raised: it was proposed to revive the patriarchate in the Russian Church. There were many objections to this.
Many leaders of the Russian Church, accustomed to synodal governance, believed that patriarchal governance was similar to monarchical governance, it destroys collegiality and gives free rein to the arbitrariness of one person - the patriarch, they believed that this was dangerous and harmful. At this time, the monarchy was overthrown, so in Russia a return to such personal leadership seemed unpopular. But after many meetings and heated discussions, where remarkable figures of the Russian Church, wonderful thinkers, people of holy life spoke, it was decided to elect a patriarch. Three candidates were selected by voting, from which the patriarch was to be chosen by lot. The first candidate was famous theologian Archbishop Anthony (Khrapovitsky). The second candidate was one of the oldest bishops of the Russian Orthodox Church, Archbishop Arseniy (Stadnitsky) of Novgorod. And only the third candidate was elected Metropolitan Tikhon of Moscow.
On November 5/18, 1917, the Divine Liturgy was celebrated in the Cathedral of Christ the Savior. In front of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God, specially brought from the Assumption Cathedral of the Kremlin, a sealed ark with lots was placed. After the liturgy, the elder of the Zosima Smolensk hermitage, hieroschemamonk Alexy, drew lots. The future Hieromartyr Metropolitan Vladimir of Kyiv announced the name of the chosen one: "Metropolitan Tikhon." On the feast of the Entrance to the Church of the Most Holy Theotokos, the enthronement of Patriarch Tikhon took place in the Dormition Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin.
It is impossible to imagine today the full burden of responsibility that fell on the shoulders of the new Patriarch. The Bolsheviks dispersed the Constituent Assembly, and he turned out to be the only legally elected leader of the people, since the majority of the country's population participated in the election of members of the council. The people unusually loved and honored their archpastor. Patriarch Tikhon was often invited to serve in various churches in Moscow and the Moscow region. When he came to some city near Moscow, all the people met him, so that in the city they usually stopped working for the entire time of his stay.
Almost immediately after the October Revolution, relations state power and the primate of the Russian Orthodox Church took on the character of an acute conflict, since even the first decrees of the Soviet government radically broke both church and people's life. In 1917, very soon after the revolution, Fr. Ioann Kochurov, associate of Patriarch Tikhon in American service. The patriarch had a very hard time with this first martyrdom. Then, at the end of January 1918, Metropolitan Vladimir, the honorary chairman of the Council, was shot in Kyiv. Direct attacks on the Alexander Nevsky Lavra began in Petrograd.
An interesting story is how in early 1918, during the second session of the cathedral, Patriarch Tikhon lived in the house of the Trinity Compound. Once he was informed that a large group of sailors had gathered in Petrograd, which was going to Moscow with the aim of arresting the Patriarch at the cathedral and taking him to Petrograd. The patriarch paid no attention to this. A few days later it became known that a train had left Petrograd, in which a whole carriage was occupied by sailors who were going to arrest him at the cathedral. The cell attendant, who came in the evening to warn the Patriarch that the sailors would be in Moscow in the morning, the Patriarch replied: "Don't disturb my sleep." Then he went to his bedroom and fell sound asleep. In the morning, information was received that the sailors had arrived in Moscow, were standing at the Nikolaevsky railway station, and could appear in the afternoon and arrest the Patriarch. They suggested that the Patriarch move to the building of the seminary, where the participants of the cathedral lived, but Patriarch Tikhon, with his usual equanimity, replied that he would not hide anywhere and was not afraid of anything. The sailors didn't come. They spent half a day at the station and then went back to Petrograd.
After that, Patriarch Tikhon was invited to Petrograd - and he accepted the invitation. This historic trip took place in 1918. By the time Patriarch Tikhon arrived in Petrograd, the whole city had gathered near the station square. Not only the whole square, but all the adjacent streets were filled with crowds of people. Characteristically, the authorities refused to provide the Patriarch with a compartment at his request and gave him a seat in a reserved seat carriage. But the railway workers, contrary to this order, hitched a whole carriage to the train and placed Patriarch Tikhon and his attendants in it.
And now, a surprisingly solemn meeting in Petrograd. The Patriarch was met by Metropolitan of Petrograd and Gdov Veniamin (Kazansky), vicars of the Petrograd diocese, and many clergy; celebration knows no bounds. The Patriarch goes to the Metropolitan's chambers in the Alexander Nevsky Lavra. A patriarchal service is being performed in the Trinity Church, co-served by Metropolitan Veniamin and other bishops. The whole Lavra is filled with people. After the service, the Patriarch blesses the people from the balcony of the Metropolitan's house.
Shortly after the shelling of the Kremlin and the armed seizure of the Alexander Nevsky and Pochaev Lavra, Patriarch Tikhon issued a message dated January 19, 1918, known as "anathematization of Soviet power." The patriarch courageously fulfilled his pastoral duty, explaining to the people the meaning of what was happening from the ecclesiastical point of view and warning them against participating in the sins and crimes into which the Bolsheviks dragged the common people. In the message, the Patriarch spoke out against the destruction of churches, the seizure of church property, persecution and violence against the Church. Pointing to the "brutal beatings of innocent people," which are carried out "with hitherto unheard-of impudence and merciless cruelty," St. Tikhon urged the perpetrators of lawlessness to come to their senses, to stop the bloody massacres, and with the power given to him by God, forbade those of the lawless who still bore the name Christian, to proceed to the Holy Mysteries of Christ. Having excommunicated all “workers of lawlessness” from the Church, the Patriarch urged Christians not to enter into communion and alliances with any of them. And although the message dealt only with individual "madmen" and did not directly name the Soviet government, the message was perceived as an anathema to the Soviet government.
Having condemned the policy of bloodshed and called for an end to internecine strife, Patriarch Tikhon in a number of messages in 1918-1919. He rejected the participation of the Church in the struggle against the Soviet regime and called for reconciliation, striving to maintain neutrality in the civil war and finally determine the position of the apolitical Church.
On the first anniversary of the October Revolution, Patriarch Tikhon addressed the Council of People's Commissars with the word "reproaches and exhortations." Pointing to the violation of all the promises made to the people before coming to power, the Patriarch again condemned the bloody repressions, especially singling out the killing of innocent hostages. To achieve their goals, the new authorities seduced "the dark and ignorant people with the possibility of easy and unpunished gain, clouded their conscience and drowned out the consciousness of sin in them." Saint Tikhon denied the accusation of resisting authority and added: “It is not our business to judge earthly authority; any power, admitted from God, would attract our blessing, ”if its activity would be directed to the benefit of subordinates. The appeal ended with a truly prophetic warning not to use power to persecute your neighbors: “Otherwise, all the righteous blood that you shed will be exacted from you, and you yourself, who took the sword, will perish by the sword.”
The Patriarch called on the “faithful children of the Church” not to armed struggle, but to repentance and spiritual, prayerful feat: “Resist them with the power of your faith, your powerful popular cry, which will stop the madmen and show them that they have no right to call themselves champions of the people’s good ". His Holiness Tikhon implored the Orthodox people "not to deviate from the path of the cross, sent down by God, to the path of admiration of worldly strength", he especially warned not to allow themselves to be carried away by the passion of vengeance. The Patriarch reminded the servants of the Church that they “by their rank should stand above and beyond any political interests” and not participate in political parties and speeches.
The demand of the Patriarch not to associate the Church with any political movement, with any form of government in the conditions of a fierce war, could not avert threats against him. The authorities accused him of complicity with the white movement and counter-revolutionary.
In the autumn of 1918, during the rampant Red Terror, the authorities attempted to organize a campaign against Patriarch Tikhon in connection with the case of the head of the British mission, Lockhart, and conducted the first search of his apartment. On November 24, 1918, Patriarch Tikhon was placed under house arrest. The main point of the accusations brought against the Patriarch boiled down to the alleged calls of the Primate to overthrow the Soviet regime.
In a response letter to the Council of People's Commissars, the Patriarch stated that he had not signed any appeals "on the overthrow of the Soviet regime" and had not taken any action for this and was not going to take any. “That I do not sympathize with many events of the people’s rulers and cannot sympathize as a servant of the principles of Christ, I do not hide this and openly wrote about this in an appeal to the People’s Commissars before the celebration of the anniversary of the October Revolution, but then and just as frankly I declared that I did not our business is to judge the earthly power, permitted by God, and even more so to take actions aimed at its overthrow. Our duty is only to point out human deviations from the great Christ's covenants, love, freedom and brotherhood, expose actions based on violence and hatred, and call everyone to Christ. The Council of the United Parishes of Moscow, realizing that the life of the Patriarch was in danger, organized from volunteers an unarmed guard at the chambers of His Holiness in the Trinity Compound. On August 14, 1919, the People's Commissariat issued a decree on organizing the opening of relics, and on August 25, 1920, on the elimination of relics on an all-Russian scale. 65 shrines were opened with the relics of Russian saints, including the most revered ones, such as St. Sergius of Radonezh and Seraphim of Sarov. Patriarch Tikhon could not leave this mockery unanswered and wrote an appeal demanding an end to blasphemy.
The opening of the relics was accompanied by the closing of the monasteries. In 1919, the authorities encroached on the national shrine - the Trinity-Sergius Lavra and the holy relics of St. Sergius of Radonezh, causing a storm of indignation. Despite the fact that the opening of the relics was extremely offensive to the Church and meant direct persecution of the faith, the people did not leave the Church. On September 13 and October 10, 1919, Patriarch Tikhon was interrogated. On December 24, 1919, the VChK decided to again subject the Patriarch to house arrest, the main purpose of which was to isolate him. During this period, St. Tikhon constantly served in the house Sergius Church of the Trinity Metochion. He was not released from house arrest until September 1921, although the regime of arrest was gradually relaxed and the saint was allowed to travel to serve. The events that followed were even more ominous.
In 1921, a terrible famine began in the Volga region. In the summer of 1921, Patriarch Tikhon published a message entitled "Appeal of Patriarch Tikhon of Moscow and All Russia for help to the starving." This message was read publicly in the Cathedral of Christ the Savior. It was followed by appeals of Patriarch Tikhon to the Pope of Rome, to the Archbishop of Canterbury, to the American Bishop with a request for an ambulance to the starving Volga region. And this help came. An association called ARA (American Relief Association) was organized, which, along with other international organizations, saved a lot of people. And there is no doubt that the voice of Patriarch Tikhon played a huge role in this matter, because it was he who was most trusted abroad.
After the appeal of Patriarch Tikhon to the Russian flock, the peoples of the world, the heads Christian churches abroad to help the starving in the Volga region in the temples of Russia began collecting donations. At the same time, in a letter dated August 22, 1921, the Patriarch proposed to the authorities a broad program of assistance to the starving, including the creation of a Church Committee composed of clergy and laity to organize assistance. On February 19, 1922, Patriarch Tikhon issued an appeal in which he proposed to collect the funds necessary for the starving "in the amount of things that do not have liturgical use," and the Pomgol Central Committee approved this proposal. However, already on February 23, 1922, a decree was published on the seizure of church valuables, adopted by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee on the initiative of L.D. Trotsky and laid the foundation for the robbery of Orthodox churches and monasteries in Russia. The decree dealt with the surrender to the state of all precious items made of gold, silver and stones, including those intended for worship, it was forbidden to replace precious items that have “liturgical use” with an equivalent amount of gold and silver.
In each province, a commission was created under the chairmanship of one of the members of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the participation of the clergy in its work was excluded - the Church was removed from organizing the delivery of valuables. Thus, the voluntary donation of church property was replaced by a decree for forcible confiscation. Control by the clergy was completely unacceptable for the Bolsheviks, since at that time different countries, who responded to the calls of the Patriarch and other Russian public figures, food aid had already arrived in sufficient quantities and there was no need to attract church funds for these purposes. In a letter to M.I. Kalinin dated February 25, 1922, the Patriarch called on the authorities to abandon such an unexpected decision, fraught with unpredictable consequences. But St. Tikhon's attempts to prevent the inevitable conflict were interpreted as the desire of the "Black Hundred clergy" to protect the church good. Then Patriarch Tikhon published his message of February 28, 1922, condemning the decreed confiscation as "an act of sacrilege."
In a statement published on March 15, 1922 in Izvestia of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, Patriarch Tikhon called on the Pomgol Seizure Commission to “take due care in the liquidation of valuable property” and convinced that the Church did not have such an amount of gold that V.I. Lenin and L.D. Trotsky.
The resolutions of the Politburo of the Central Committee, regulating the anti-church policy of the Bolsheviks in the described period, were actually adopted under the dictation of Trotsky: both the ideological development and personnel appointments, as well as the initiative itself and the "mad" energy in its implementation, together with the strategy and tactics - everything came from from Lev Davidovich, truly obsessed with the desire to take away gold, shoot priests, rob even the poorest churches. One after another he writes guiding letters, notes, theses, directing all the activities of the Politburo, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the Revolutionary Tribunal, the People's Commissariat of Justice, various commissions, etc.
But along with his letters dated March 11, 13, 22, 30 no less, but rather even more ominous masterpiece is Lenin's now famous, and then "strictly secret" letter to members of the Politburo dated March 19, 1922, on resistance to the withdrawal of Shuya and politics in relation to the Church. In general, echoing Trotsky, Lenin, also obsessed with the dream of plundering several billion gold rubles, insists that “it is now, and only now, when people are being eaten in hungry areas and hundreds, if not thousands of corpses are lying on the roads, we can (and therefore, we must) carry out the seizure of church valuables with the most frenzied and merciless energy and without stopping [before] suppressing any kind of resistance ... The more representatives of the reactionary clergy and the reactionary bourgeoisie we manage to shoot on this occasion, the better.
In this letter, on the whole, the program goals of the party in relations with the Church for the coming decades were determined: to eliminate the institution of the Church, to liquidate the estate of the clergy, to find gold for the world revolution and the strengthening of the proletarian state. At a meeting of the Politburo of the Central Committee on March 20, 1922, a practical plan for conducting a campaign (“17 theses” by L.D. Trotsky) was approved, which meant a transition from imitations of legal ones, personified by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, to openly military methods of conducting a campaign for seizure.
On March 24, 1922, Izvestia published an editorial in which it was stated in a harsh tone that the peaceful period of the campaign to confiscate valuables was over. Mass popular resistance everywhere was mercilessly crushed. Trials, open trials of "churchmen", executions swept across Russia. The Supreme Tribunal ordered the revolutionary tribunals to incriminate Patriarch Tikhon, Metropolitan Veniamin (Kazansky) and other church hierarchs with the ideological leadership of popular resistance actions. By the beginning of May 1922, no matter how hard the Bolsheviks tried, the campaign to confiscate church valuables was not completed. On the contrary, the methods of its conduct became tougher. The “frantic” campaign carried out did not achieve the goals set by the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP(6). The authorities received about one thousandth of the planned amount of gold. The collected jewelry amounted to only an insignificant part of the amount that was expected - just over 4.5 million gold rubles, which were mainly spent on the campaign itself. But the damage did not fit into any numbers. The shrines of Orthodoxy, the national treasures of Russia, perished.
The tough line against the clergy, sanctioned by the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), was zealously implemented by the GPU, in which the VI branch of the secret department, headed by E.A. Tuchkov. Chekists, falsifying reality, made the church leadership responsible for the unrest of believers and bloody clashes. On March 28, 1922, Patriarch Tikhon was summoned to the Lubyanka and interrogated. After that, he was summoned to the GPU on March 31, April 8 and May 5. All these interrogations did not produce the expected result: Patriarch Tikhon's condemnation of the anti-government actions of the clergy did not take place. On May 6, 1922, the Patriarch was placed under house arrest (the official decree on house arrest was signed on May 31, 1922). During the interrogation on May 9, 1922, the Patriarch was acquainted with the verdict in the Moscow trial on bringing him to justice and took a written undertaking not to leave.
By this time, as a result of the intensive work of the GPU, a Renovationist split had been prepared. On May 12, 1922, Patriarch Tikhon, who was under house arrest at the Trinity Compound, was visited by three priests, leaders of the so-called "Initiative Group of Progressive Clergy." They accused the Patriarch that his line of governing the Church became the reason for the death sentences, and demanded that St. Tikhon leave the Patriarchal throne. Understanding perfectly well who initiated this visit, not without painful hesitation, the Patriarch decided to temporarily appoint the oldest hierarch of Yaroslavl, Metropolitan Agafangel (Preobrazhensky), as the head of the church administration, of which he officially informed the Chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee M.I. Kalinin, but did not abdicate the throne. On May 18, members of the “Initiative Group” obtained Patriarch Tikhon’s consent to transfer the Chancellery to Metropolitan Agafangel through them, after which they announced the creation of a new Supreme Church Administration (HCU) of the Russian Church in their person.
On May 19, 1922, Patriarch Tikhon was placed in the Donskoy Monastery in one of the apartments in a small two-story house near the northern gate. Now he was under the strictest guard, he was forbidden to perform worship. Only once a day he was let out for a walk on the fenced area above the gate, which resembled a large balcony. Visits were not allowed. Patriarchal mail was intercepted and confiscated.
The case of Patriarch Tikhon was transferred to the GPU, the direction of the trial was carried out by the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b). Together with Patriarch Tikhon, Archbishop Nikandr (Phenomenov), Metropolitan Arseniy (Stadnitsky) of Novgorod, and Pyotr Viktorovich Guryev, head of the Chancellery of the Synod and the Supreme Church Administration, were involved in the investigation. Together with the file of the Patriarch, the GPU kept the files of all members of the Holy Synod, and about 10 people were under arrest.
A bright page of this period was the Petrograd case of Metropolitan Veniamin (Kazansky) and his closest associates. in the campaign; on the seizure of valuables, Metropolitan Veniamin of Petrograd took an even softer position than Patriarch Tikhon, and called for everything to be given away without resistance. However, after refusing to cooperate with the Renovationists, he was arrested and convicted in an "open" trial. On the night of August 13, 1922, Metropolitan Veniamin was shot. The renovationist schism developed according to a plan agreed upon with the Cheka, and quickly won over to its side all the unstable elements that were in the Church. In a short time, throughout Russia, all bishops and even priests received demands from local authorities, from the Cheka, to obey the HCU. Resisting these recommendations was seen as collaborating with the counter-revolution. Patriarch Tikhon was declared a counter-revolutionary, a White Guard, and the Church, which remained faithful to him, was called "Tikhonism." In all the newspapers of that time, large pogrom articles were published daily, which denounced Patriarch Tikhon in "counter-revolutionary activities", and "Tikhonites" in all sorts of crimes. In 1923, a Renovationist "sobor" was held, which was attended by several dozen, for the most part, illegally appointed bishops, many of whom were married. At this “sobor” a false announcement was made that “a decision was unanimously taken to remove the rank and even monasticism from Patriarch Tikhon. From now on, he is just a layman Vasily Ivanovich Belavin. This robber "sobor" received wide coverage and support in the press, where from now on Patriarch Tikhon was called only "former patriarch" until his death.
From August 1922 until the spring of 1923, regular interrogations of the Patriarch and those involved with him were conducted. Patriarch Tikhon was accused of crimes for which capital punishment was provided. In April 1923 At a meeting of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP(6), a secret resolution was adopted, according to which the Tribunal was to pass a death sentence on Saint Tikhon. At this time, Patriarch Tikhon already had worldwide authority. The whole world followed with particular concern the course of the trial, the world press was full of indignation over the bringing of Patriarch Tikhon to trial. And the position of the authorities changed: instead of passing a death sentence, the Patriarch was “defrocked” by the Renovationists, after which the authorities began to strenuously seek repentance from him.
Since the Patriarch did not have reliable information about the situation of the Church, according to newspaper reports, he had the idea that the Church was perishing ... Meanwhile, the leaders of the HCU quarreled among themselves, split into different groups, and more and more began to inspire disgust in the believing people. Patriarch Tikhon was offered release from arrest on the condition of public "repentance", and he decided to sacrifice his authority for the sake of easing the position of the Church. On June 16, 1923, Patriarch Tikhon signed the well-known "repentant" statement to the Supreme Court of the RSFSR, remembered by the words: "... I am no longer an enemy of the Soviet government."
The execution of the Patriarch did not take place, but at the Lubyanka they received a “repentant” statement from Patriarch Tikhon, which called into question the staunchness of the saint in the eyes of the zealots of the purity of the church position. From then on, bishops will constantly be faced with the question of which is better: to keep intact their testimony to the truth in the face of torture and death, or by compromise to try to gain freedom and still serve the Church in freedom.
On June 27, 1923, Patriarch Tikhon spent more than a year under arrest, his imprisonment in the internal prison of the GPU, and he was again transferred to the Donskoy Monastery. Even earlier, on March 13, 1923, the investigation into the accusation of Patriarch Tikhon was terminated by a decision of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP(b). One of the most high-profile court cases of that terrible time ended without beginning.
On June 28, 1923, the day after his release from the Lubyanka inner prison, Saint Tikhon went to the Lazarevskoye cemetery, where the famous elder Father Alexei Mechev was buried. “... You, of course, heard that I was defrocked, but the Lord brought me here to pray with you ...,” Patriarch Tikhon said to the crowd of people gathered (all of Moscow knew Father Alexei Mechev). He was greeted with enthusiasm, the people threw flowers at his carriage. Father Alexei's prediction came true: "When I die, you will be very happy."
The people's love for Patriarch Tikhon not only did not waver in connection with his "repentant" statement, but became even greater. He was always invited to serve. Often he served in the large summer cathedral of the Donskoy Monastery. It was in the last two years of life His Holiness Patriarch Tikhon performed especially many episcopal consecrations. Renovationist parishes immediately began to return to the jurisdiction of Patriarch Tikhon. The hierarchs and priests who had gone over to the Renovationists in large numbers brought repentance to His Holiness Patriarch Tikhon, who graciously accepted them into fellowship again, invited them to serve with him, and often even gave gifts to these former traitors.
The last period of the life of His Holiness Patriarch Tikhon was truly an ascent to Golgotha. The constant provocations of the Cheka, the malice and slander of the Renovationists, the continuous arrests and exiles of bishops and clergy... Deprived of any administrative apparatus, Patriarch Tikhon often had no connection with the diocesan bishops, did not have the necessary information, and had to all the time, as it were, unravel the secret meaning of importunate demands Chekists and resist them with the least losses. In fact, every time the Patriarch rejected the next demand of the Soviet authorities, one of his closest assistants was arrested and sent to death. The position of Patriarch Tikhon at that time clearly depicts the episode associated with the demand of E.A. Tuchkov to introduce Archpriest Krasnitsky, the head of the “living Church”, a traitor who supposedly repented, into the Church administration.
At this time, Metropolitan Kirill (Smirnov), one of his closest associates, came to Patriarch Tikhon, having been released from exile for a short time. They had a wonderful conversation. Metropolitan Kirill said: “It is not necessary, Your Holiness, to enter into the Higher Church Administration these commissars in cassocks. Patriarch Tikhon answered him: "If we do not compromise, then all of you will be shot or arrested." To this, Metropolitan Kirill replied to the Patriarch: “Your Holiness, now we are only fit for that, to sit in prisons.” After that, having received an address from the Elisavetgrad clergy with a request not to include Krasnitsky in the Supreme Church Administration, the Patriarch wrote a resolution on it that characterizes his spiritual appearance very well: “I ask you to believe that I will not agree to agreements and concessions that will lead to a loss of purity and the fortress of Orthodoxy.
This resolution shows that the Patriarch relied on the trust of the people, and the people really believed him. His Holiness Patriarch Tikhon drew his strength precisely from faith, and by faith he called to resist every crime, every evil. The plan to introduce Krasnitsky into the Church Administration failed, and in response to this, the Tuchkovs banned and abolished the diocesan administration, diocesan meetings.
Patriarch Tikhon, left without Vladyka Hilarion (Troitsky), who was exiled to Solovki, is now working together with Metropolitan Krutitsky Peter (Polyansky). He serves in many churches, receives people, his door is always open for everyone. He is surprisingly accessible and simple and tries to affirm the Church, to strengthen everyone who comes to him with his love, his service, his prayer. Characteristically, during the seven years of his patriarchate, he celebrated 777 liturgies and about 400 evening services. It turns out that he served approximately every two or three days ... In the first period before his arrest, the Patriarch most often served in Krestovoi in honor of St. Sergius Church of the Trinity Compound, after the arrest - in the Donskoy Monastery. And he always traveled a lot to Moscow churches.
But the life of the saint was always under threat. He was attacked many times. Here is one of those tragic episodes. On December 9, 1924, the door of the apartment where the Patriarch lived was suddenly opened with a key, and two people entered the house. The beloved cell-attendant of His Holiness the Patriarch Yakov Anisimovich Polozov came out to meet them, who was killed at point-blank range by three shots of "bandits". Obviously, the shots were intended for the Patriarch, because. at this time he usually remained alone.
Patriarch Tikhon, who was extremely fond of Yakov Anisimovich, experienced this death very hard. He understood that the bullet was meant for him, so he ordered to bury his cell-attendant near the wall of the temple in the Donskoy Monastery. Tuchkov forbade this, but Patriarch Tikhon said: “He will lie here” and bequeathed to be buried next to him, on the other side of the church wall, which was later done.
Terrible tension, constant struggle undermined the health of the Patriarch. Apparently, anticipating the danger, the Patriarch took advantage of the right (granted to him by the Council of 1917) to leave behind a will, indicating three Locum Tenens of the Patriarchal Throne in case of his death. He wrote this will on December 25, 1925 (January 7, New Style), on Christmas Day, and shortly thereafter was admitted to the hospital.
In the hospital, Patriarch Tikhon soon began to feel better. Great Lent began, and he began to travel frequently to services. The Patriarch tried to hold all the main services of Great Lent in the Church. After the services, he returned to the hospital (it was Bakunin's private hospital on Ostozhenka, opposite the Zachatievsky Monastery). He celebrated his last Liturgy on Sunday of the fifth week of Great Lent, April 5, in the Church of the Great Ascension at the Nikitsky Gates.
On March 21, 1925, another interrogation of the ailing Patriarch took place. Immediately after the interrogation, a decision was issued on the choice of a measure of restraint, however, the column remained blank and no date was set, obviously, to resolve the issue at a higher level.
On the day of the Annunciation, April 7, His Holiness Patriarch Tikhon was going to serve a liturgy in Yelokhovo in Epiphany Cathedral but couldn't, feeling bad. However, at the request of Tuchkov, he was taken away from the hospital for some kind of meeting. When he returned, Metropolitan Peter (Polyansky) visited him several times, the last visit ended only at 9 pm. The saint had to painfully edit the text of the appeal, which E.A. persistently, urgently and, as always, ultimatum demanded. Tuchkov. The text was prepared by the GPU and had content unacceptable to the Patriarch. The patriarch corrected, Tuchkov did not agree. To Tuchkov's demands, transmitted through Metropolitan Peter, Saint Tikhon replied: "I can't do that." What option His Holiness the Patriarch would have chosen if his life had been extended, and whether he signed the text that appeared in Izvestia on April 14, 1925 as a dying will, is now impossible to say. After the departure of Metropolitan Peter, the Patriarch asked him to give him an injection of sleeping pills and said: “Well, now I will fall asleep. The night will be long, long, dark, dark.” The injection was made, but soon His Holiness felt very ill.
At 11:45 p.m., the Patriarch asked: “What time is it?” Having received the answer, he said: "Well, thank God." Then repeating three times: “Glory to Thee, Lord!” and, having crossed himself twice, quietly departed to the Lord. Metropolitan Peter was immediately summoned, and for some reason Tuchkov immediately arrived. He rubbed his hands with joy, smiled, and immediately appropriated to himself four thousand rubles, collected by parishioners for the construction of a separate house in the Donskoy Monastery for Patriarch Tikhon.
Before the funeral, Patriarch Tikhon was transferred to the Donskoy Monastery. Almost all the bishops of the Russian Church came to his funeral, there were about sixty of them. The testament of the Patriarch was opened, in which three Locum tenens of the Patriarchal Throne were named. Metropolitan Kirill (Smirnov) of Kazan was named the first Locum Tenens, who at that time was in exile and therefore had no opportunity to accept locum tenens. The oldest hierarch of the Russian Church, Metropolitan Agafangel (Preobrazhensky) of Yaroslavl, was again named the Second Locum Tenens. He was also in exile at the time. Metropolitan Peter of Krutitsy (Polyansky) was named the third Locum Tenens of the Patriarchal Throne. By the decision of the entire present meeting of bishops, which in essence was a Council of the Russian Orthodox Church, he assumed the title of Locum Tenens of the Patriarchal Throne. Farewell to the Patriarch was open. People went to say goodbye to him day and night: according to estimates, about a million people passed by the coffin. The most solemn burial of Patriarch Tikhon was performed by a host of bishops and clergy in the presence of colossal crowds of people. Not only the entire Donskoy Monastery, but all the nearby streets were completely crowded with people. Of course, no police could cope with such a crowd, but everyone kept a reverent order, there were no scandals, no noise. Thus ended the life of the great saint.
Patriarch Tikhon was characterized by amazing humility, meekness, and quietness. He was a great prayer book and always gave himself over to the will of God. His services were marked by solemnity and deep prayerfulness. There are several remarkable testimonies about his spiritual life. Very characteristic is the testimony of the escorts who guarded him during his house arrest. “The old man is good for everyone,” they said, “only he prays for a long time at night. Don't sleep with him." Patriarch Tikhon himself said: "I am ready for any suffering, even death, in the name of the faith of Christ." Other words of his explain the "compromise" messages: "Let my name perish in history, if only the Church would benefit."
In conclusion, we can cite the words of several church leaders about Patriarch Tikhon. “The patriarch in bonds at the head of Russia has become the light of the world. Never since the beginning of history has the Russian Church been so exalted in its head as it was exalted in these lamentable days of trials, and throughout the Christian world there is no name that would be repeated with such respect as the name of the head of the Russian Church. ). “He, Patriarch Tikhon, has exhausted everything possible for the Church and church man measures of reconciliation with civil authority and was a victim in the most internal, wide and deep sense this word. Sacrificing himself, his name, his fame as a confessor and denouncer of iniquity, he humiliated himself when he changed his tone with power, but he never fell. He humiliated himself, but no one else, was not preserved and exalted by the humiliation of others. He did not spare himself in order to gain mercy for the pastors, the people and the church property. His compromises are the doing of love and humility. And the people understood this and pitied him sincerely and deeply, having received full conviction of his holiness. This is a courageous and meekest being, this is an exceptionally irreproachable holy person” (Arch. Michael Polsky).
There is another evidence of the holiness of Patriarch Tikhon, which is little known. In Paris, a certain Orthodox doctor M., who had recently converted to the faith, came to Metropolitan Evlogii (Georgievsky), the Patriarchal Exarch of Western Europe, and told him that he had a dream. In a dream, he was told that “behold, the Mother of God is coming for the soul of Patriarch Tikhon, with Saint Basil the Great, who helped him a lot during his life in managing the Church.” After that, he heard a noise and realized that the Mother of God was passing by. This is where the dream ended. The doctor began to ask Metropolitan Evlogii why Basil the Great was walking with the Mother of God? To this, Metropolitan Evlogy replied that Patriarch Tikhon in the world bore the name in honor of St. Basil the Great. The next day, newspaper reports came in about the death of Patriarch Tikhon. It was at the very moment when Patriarch Tikhon was dying that the Mother of God appeared to this doctor.
Patriarch Tikhon possessed the gift of clairvoyance; he predicted the future for many. Often foreseeing events, he was able to hand over himself, the fate of the Church, the flock, and all his neighbors to the will of God, to which he was always faithful and always sought it. And he believed that the will of God alone can govern the Church, it alone is saving.
Saint Tikhon was born on January 19, 1865, into the family of a village priest of the Toropetsky district of the Pskov diocese, John Bellavin.
In the world, he bore the name Vasily. He spent his childhood and youth in the countryside, in direct contact with the peasantry and close to rural labor. From a young age, he was distinguished by a special religious disposition, love for the Church and rare meekness and humility.
When Basil was still a minor, his father had a revelation about each of his children. One day he and his three sons slept in the hayloft. At night he suddenly woke up and woke them up. “You know,” he said, “I just saw my late mother, who predicted my imminent death, and then, pointing to you, she added: this one will be a mourner all his life, this one will die in his youth, and this one, Vasily, will be great.” The prophecy of the late mother of the father, who appeared, was fulfilled with all accuracy on all three brothers.
Vasily studied at the Pskov Theological Seminary in 1878-1883. The modest seminarian was distinguished by an affectionate and attractive character. He was quite tall and blond. Comrades loved him. This love was always accompanied by a sense of respect, which was explained by his religiosity, brilliant successes in the sciences and his constant readiness to help comrades who invariably turned to him for explanations of lessons, especially for help in compiling and correcting numerous essays in the Seminary.
In 1888, Vasily Bellavin, 23 years old, graduated from the St. Petersburg Theological Academy and, in a secular rank, was appointed to his native Pskov Theological Seminary as a teacher. And here he was a favorite not only of the entire Seminary, but also of the city of Pskov.
Aspiring with his pure soul to God, he led a strict, chaste life, and in the 26th year of his life, in 1891, he became a monk. Almost the whole city gathered for his tonsure. The one who was tonsured consciously and deliberately entered into a new life, desiring to devote himself exclusively to the service of the Church. He, distinguished from his youth by meekness and humility, was given the name Tikhon in honor of St. Tikhon of Zadonsk.
From the Pskov Seminary, Hieromonk Tikhon was transferred as an inspector to the Kholm Theological Seminary, where he soon became its rector in the rank of archimandrite. At the age of 34, in 1898, Archimandrite Tikhon was elevated to the rank of Bishop of Lublin with his appointment as vicar of the Kholm diocese.
Bishop Tikhon zealously devoted himself to the work of organizing a new vicariate, and by the charm of his moral character he won the universal love not only of the Russian population, but also of Lithuanians and Poles.
On September 14, 1898, Vladyka Tikhon was sent to carry out responsible service across the ocean, to a distant American diocese in the rank of Bishop of the Aleutian, since 1905 - Archbishop. Leading Orthodox Church in America, Archbishop Tikhon did a lot in the great cause of spreading Orthodoxy, in the beautification of his vast diocese, in which he established two vicariates, and in the construction of churches for Orthodox Russian people. And with a loving attitude towards everyone, in particular, in arranging a house for gratuitous shelter and food for poor migrants from Russia, he won universal respect. The Americans elected him an honorary citizen of the United States.
Tikhon, Bishop of Aleutian and Alaska
In 1907 he returned to Russia and was appointed to the Yaroslavl Department. One of the first orders in the diocese of a modest and simple archpastor was a categorical prohibition for the clergy to put down custom prostrations. And in Yaroslavl, he quickly gained the love of his flock, who appreciated his bright soul, which was expressed, for example, in his election as an honorary citizen of the city.
In 1914 he was Archbishop of Vilna and Lithuania. After his transfer to Vilna, he made especially many donations to various charitable institutions. It also revealed his nature, rich in the spirit of love for people. He strained all his strength to help the unfortunate inhabitants of the Vilnius region, who, thanks to the war with the Germans, had lost their shelter and livelihood and were marching in crowds to their archpastor.
After the February Revolution and the formation of the new Synod, Bishop Tikhon became a member. On June 21, 1917, the Moscow Diocesan Congress of Clergy and Laity elected him as their ruling bishop, as a zealous and enlightened archpastor, widely known even outside his own country.
Restoration of the patriarchate
On August 15, 1917, the Local Council opened in Moscow, and Tikhon, the Archbishop of Moscow, having become its participant, was awarded the rank of metropolitan, and then was elected chairman of the Council.
The Council set itself the goal of restoring the life of the Russian Orthodox Church on a strictly canonical basis, and the first great and important task that sharply confronted the Council was the restoration of the Patriarchate. When electing the Patriarch, it was decided by a vote of all the members of the Council to elect three candidates, and then to leave to the will of God by lot to indicate the chosen one. Three candidates were elected to the Patriarchal Throne by a free vote of members of the Council: Archbishop Anthony of Kharkov, Archbishop Arseniy of Novgorod, and Metropolitan Tikhon of Moscow.
In front of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God, brought from the Cathedral of the Assumption to the Cathedral of Christ the Savior, after a solemn liturgy and prayer service on November 5, Schieromonk Zosima Hermitage Alexy, a member of the Council, reverently took out one of the three lots with the name of the candidate from the reliquary, and Metropolitan Vladimir of Kyiv proclaimed the name of the chosen one - Metropolitan Tikhon.
local cathedral
Having become the head of the Russian hierarchs, Patriarch Tikhon has not changed, he remained the same accessible, simple, affectionate person. Everyone who came into contact with His Holiness Tikhon was amazed at his amazing accessibility, simplicity and modesty. The wide accessibility of His Holiness was not at all limited by his high rank. The doors of his house were always open to everyone, as his heart was open to everyone - affectionate, sympathetic, loving. Being unusually simple and modest both in his personal life and in his primatial service, His Holiness the Patriarch did not tolerate and did not do anything external, ostentatious. But His Holiness Tikhon's softness in address did not prevent him from being uncompromisingly firm in church matters where necessary, especially in defending the Church from her enemies.
Time of Troubles
His cross was immeasurably heavy. He had to lead the Church in the midst of general ecclesiastical devastation, without auxiliary governing bodies, in an atmosphere of internal schisms and upheavals caused by all kinds of "living churchmen", "renovationists", "autocephalists". The situation was also complicated by external circumstances: a change in the political system and the coming to power of theomachic forces, famine, and civil war. It was a time when church property was taken away, when the clergy were persecuted and persecuted, mass repressions swept over the Church of Christ. News of this came to the Patriarch from all over Russia.
With his exceptionally high moral and ecclesiastical authority, the Patriarch was able to gather together the scattered and bloodless church forces. During the period of ecclesiastical stagnation, his spotless name was a bright beacon pointing the way to the truth of Orthodoxy. With his messages, he called the people to fulfill the commandments of Christ's faith, to spiritual revival through repentance. And his impeccable life was an example for all.
In order to save thousands of lives and improve the general situation of the Church, the Patriarch took measures to protect the clergy from purely political speeches. On September 25, 1919, already in the midst of the civil war, he issued an Epistle demanding that the clergy not engage in political struggle.
In the summer of 1921, a famine broke out in the Volga region. In August, Patriarch Tikhon sent a message for help to the hungry, directed to all Russian people and peoples of the Universe, and blessed the voluntary donation of church valuables that do not have liturgical use.
Seizure of church property. The engraver takes out
precious stones from church utensils
But this was not enough for the new government. Already in February 1922, a decree was issued according to which All precious items were to be confiscated. According to the 73rd Apostolic Canon, these actions were sacrilege, and the Patriarch could not approve such a withdrawal, expressing his negative attitude towards the arbitrariness that was taking place in the message, especially since many had doubts that all values \u200b\u200bwould go to fight hunger . Locally, the forcible removal caused widespread popular indignation. Up to two thousand trials took place in Russia and more than ten thousand believers were shot. The message of the Patriarch was regarded as sabotage, in connection with which he was imprisoned from April 1922 to June 1923.
His Holiness Tikhon served the Russian Orthodox Church especially a lot during the painful time for the Church of the so-called "renovationist schism". His Holiness proved himself to be a faithful servant and confessor of the intact and undistorted testaments of the true Orthodox Church. He was a living personification of Orthodoxy, which was unconsciously emphasized even by the enemies of the Church, calling its members "Tikhonites."
“I ask you to believe that I will not make agreements and concessions, which will lead to the loss of the purity and strength of Orthodoxy,” the Patriarch said firmly and authoritatively. Being a good shepherd who devoted himself entirely to the cause of the Church, he also called on the clergy: “Dedicate all your strength to preaching the word of God, the truth of Christ, especially in our days, when unbelief and godlessness have boldly taken up arms against the Church of Christ. And the God of peace and love will be with you all!”
Arrest of Patriarch Tikhon. Philip Moskvitin
It was extremely painful for the loving, sympathetic heart of the Patriarch to experience all the troubles of the Church. External and internal church upheavals, the “renovationist schism”, incessant primatial labors and concerns to arrange and pacify church life, sleepless nights and heavy thoughts, more than a year’s imprisonment, vicious, vile persecution from enemies, deaf misunderstanding and irrepressible criticism from the side sometimes and the Orthodox environment undermined his once strong body. Beginning in 1924, His Holiness the Patriarch became very unwell.
On Sunday, April 5, 1925, he served the last Liturgy. Two days later, His Holiness Patriarch Tikhon died. In his last moments of his life, he turned to God and with a quiet prayer of gratitude and praise, crossing himself, said: “Glory to Thee, Lord, glory to Thee…” – he did not have time to cross himself for the third time.
About a million people came to say goodbye to the Patriarch, although the Great Cathedral of the Donskoy Monastery in Moscow, where the body of the deceased Patriarch was located before the burial, could not accommodate all those who said goodbye for some hundred hours.
His Holiness Tikhon spent seven and a half years in the responsible post of the First Hierarch of the Russian Church. It is difficult to imagine the Russian Orthodox Church without Patriarch Tikhon during these years. So he did immeasurably much both for the Church and for the strengthening of faith itself in the difficult years of trials that befell the believers.
Troparion of St. Tikhon, tone 1
Zealot of the Apostolic Traditions, and the good shepherd of Christ’s Church, who laid down his life for the sheep, let us praise the chosen All-Russian Patriarch Tikhon by the lot of God, cry out to him with faith and hope: by the intercession of the hierarchs to the Lord, observe the Russian Church in silence, gather her scattered children into one flock, turn from the right faith to repentance, save our country from internecine strife, and ask the people for the peace of God.
Kontakion, tone 2
Decorated with quietness of temper, show meekness and mercy to the penitent, in the confession of the Orthodox faith and love for the Lord, you remained firm and adamant, St. Tikhon of Christ. Pray for us, that we may not be separated from the love of God, even in Christ Jesus our Lord.
Prayer to Saint Tikhon
O our good shepherd, holy great Patriarch Tikhon, you appeared like a city on high - your good deeds still shine before people. Vema, as you, standing before the throne of the Most Holy Trinity, great imash boldness in prayers before the Lord. Look now at us, sinful and unworthy of your children, to you, as if you have great boldness before the Creator of all kinds, now we fall down and pray fervently: implore the Lord to give us the determination to acquire the piety of our fathers, but you acquired it from your youth .
You were a zealous defender and guardian of the true faith in your life, help us to unshakably observe the Orthodox faith. For your quiet soul has greatly succeeded in Divine humility of wisdom, teach us to nourish our minds not with the many-rebellious wisdom of man, but with humble knowledge of the will of God.
You, in the face of the fierce enemies of Christ, boldly confessed the True God, strengthen us, the faint-hearted, with your prayer, and we always and everywhere resist the spirit of godlessness and flattery.
She, the servant of God, do not despise us who pray to you, for we do not only ask for deliverance from troubles and sorrows, but we ask for strength and firmness, generosity and love in order to endure these misfortunes that rise against us. Ask us unremitting patience even until the end of our life, peace with the Lord and remission of sins.
Holy Father! Tame the winds of disbelief and confusion in our country, may the Lord bring peace and piety and unfeigned love to the land of Russia. With your prayers, may it save me from internecine warfare, may it strengthen our Holy Orthodox Church, may it not become impoverished true shepherds, good workers, right ruling the word of the gospel Truth. Save the lost sheep of the flock of Christ.
Most of all, pray to the Lord of forces, may the Russian land be reborn with holy repentance and with one heart and one mouth glorify Divnago in His saints God, in the Trinity of the glorious Father, and the Son, and the Holy Spirit forever and ever. Amen.
